The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States Essay

The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States - Essay Example In the United States the history and advancement of direction and guiding was impacted by different occasions and characters. Before direction and advising was officially presented in the nation, the early stages started in the last 50% of the eighteenth century. During this period, there turned out to be increasingly accommodating consideration for the intellectually upset and more noteworthy mindfulness in utilization of rewarding human conduct. (Myrick, 2003) The conventional history of direction and advising in the United States goes back to 1908 when Frank Parsons built up the Boston Vocational Bureau. The goal of Parsons in setting up such foundation was to furnish the young with professional help with school. As a result of his commitments, Parsons was named as the dad of the direction development. As per Blocher, The Guidance Movement created from the need to help these early school leavers build up a normal arrangement with which to start their professions. (2000) Guidance a nd advising in the United States started as professional directing. The essential goal of guiding during such time was to assist understudies with deciding their profession of decision and likely arrangements. Another persuasive individual in the improvement of direction and advising was Jesse B. Davis.

The Rapid Change Of Information Technology

The Rapid Change Of Information Technology With the fast difference in data innovation in twentieth century, web has become an impetus for the path individuals on the planet to discuss and sharing or access data expediently. Numerous organizations likewise embraced the web as a methods for exchanging or improving interior procedures and all the more critically, connect with and assemble associations with clients. In this paper, the creator will expert the serious condition and assets for one of the market driving electrical machines chain stores in Malaysia and propose a data frameworks system plans which suits the organization best. 1.2 Companys profile SenHeng Electric (KL) Sdn. Bhd is one of the notable family unit electrical retailers among not many names in the records of Malaysian retailing business. Established in 1989 by Lim sibling, K.H., K.C., and K.Y., the organization has begun its business from a small buyer gadgets half shop set up with stocks worth under RM30,000.00 to one the biggest electrical chain store in Malaysia. Right now, SenHeng has in excess of 100 stores spread all through across the nation with 10 appropriation place situated in Selangor, Johor, Perak, Terengganu, Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak. This has guaranteed its clients to appreciate steady and timely conveyance of all bought things. 1.3 PESTEL Political Economic Transformation Program The Economic Transformation Program (ETP) grasped by Malaysia government in year 2010 is a thorough exertion to change Malaysia into a high-salary country by year 2020. It focused to lift Malaysias net national pay (GNI) per capita from USD6,700.00 or RM23,700 in 2009 to more than USD15,000 or RM48,000 in year 2020. Explicit consideration has been paid to raise the earnings of the last 40 percent of family units, with an objective of expanding the month to month mean salary of this gathering from RM1,440 in 2009 to RM2,300 in 2015. The possibility of Malaysian retail ventures like SenHeng Electric is relied upon to be sure as buyer spending force will in the long run help by the arrangement. As per Ecmlibra speculation investigate, all out retail deals are gauge to increment by 34 percent to RM123.5bn in 2014 from RM92.3bn in 2010. (http://www.ecmmoney.com/wp-content/transfers/downloads/2010/09/Strategy_100922_A-testing street ahead.pdf) Financial execution Retailer benefits have a relationship with the nation in general monetary execution. After the worldwide economy downturn in 2009, the Malaysian economy encountered a solid resumption of development in 2010. The development was driven by powerful household request, with solid extension in private part action. For the year all in all, the general total residential interest extended emphatically by 6.3 percent from - 0.5 percent in 2009. It was reflected in the solid execution of significant utilization markers, for example, traveler vehicle deals, retail deals and imports of utilization products. (http://www.bnm.gov.my/view.php?dbIndex=0website_id=1id=819). As per Bank Negara Malaysia yearly report 2010, the Malaysian economy is anticipated to develop by 5 percent to 6 percent this year. Be that as it may, expansion climbs which brought about by rising costs of food and vitality in Malaysia consistent to stress the country and will liable to influence customer spending practices and t rim down buying power in family unit electrical machines. Social Consumer Buying Behavior The developing populace in Malaysia and consistent ascent in family discretionary cashflow in ongoing year has allowed them to spend more on extravagance merchandise outpaced on essential things like food. Prominent worldwide retailers and the worldwide broad communications have additionally played a turn in forming purchaser purchasing conduct to pursue very good quality electrical machines. This is transcendently valid for youthful and huge working-age populaces frequently searching up for better way of life are all the more ready to spend more on cutting edge home machines which can spare their time from accomplishing home work. More prominent access to credit permitted people to subsidize optional spending and now and then waste more than what they have earned. As indicated by Bank Negara Malaysia yearly report 2010, in the period somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2009, family unit obligation developed at a yearly pace of 13.5 percent. (http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=109pg=333ac=81yr=2010) Innovation Mechanical advancements energized shopper spending in zones like internet providers, versatile correspondence gear, satellite TV administrations and various media types of gear. The coming of versatile innovation is affecting the way retail organizations work today contrasted with 10 years back. Urban customers who furnished with advanced mobile phones are getting more astute consistently. They can get to data on items, costs and stores anyplace whenever. They can look at cost for a similar item offered by various retailer shop without any problem. Retail organizations can connect with their clients momentarily with custom-made data and item offers by means of versatile telecom. 1.3.5 Environmental Global Warming An Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change keeps on being undermining mankind today. The effect of a dangerous atmospheric devation is as of now being seen far and wide. With the world all in all is siphoning out increasingly more carbon dioxide (CO2) consistently, the IPCC has reasoned that worldwide temperatures will liable to ascend by 1.2 to 6.5 degrees C by century's end. The expansion singular consciousness of a dangerous atmospheric devation issue, customer will in general kindness for home apparatuses which are more eco-accommodating, vitality sparing and with negligible effect on the present condition. (http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/9/29/country/19028575sec=nation) Legitimate New Credit Card Rules Bank Negara Malaysia has as of late reported new measures on charge card application by rising least yearly salary necessities for Mastercard qualification from RM18,000 per annum to RM24,000 per annum. Cardholders can just hold charge cards from a limit of two backers. For existing cardholders whose remarkable equalization which surpasses the most extreme credit limit, a beauty time of two years given to them to meet the new necessity. The new rules are to address worries over rising family unit obligation in the ongoing year. (http://www.theasianbanker.com/public statements/6368). In any case, with the restricted access to credit, the move will trim down the buying intensity of the lower salary gathering and influence the purchaser shopping practices which eventually influence retailers business. 1.4 Strength of the Company 1.4.1 Supply Chain Management SenHeng Electric has introduced an exhaustive flexibly chain the board framework into the everyday tasks of its business. This framework permits the organization to check and oversee item stream consistently. Moreover, it permits the organization to persistently keep up ideal load of merchandise inside the entirety of their outlets. This will at last decreases extreme expense on overloading and wipe out low gracefully upon purchasers request is rise. The framework was structured in the method of brought together request that preferred online straightforwardly to its providers. 1.4.2 Branding Given the long history of the organization in family unit electrical apparatuses business, SenHeng electrical is a notable marking in Malaysia. The organization keeps on executing its image building systems by making increasingly smoothed out look and feel for every one of its branches. This new personality ranges in all cases, its advertising leaflets, banners just as uniform for its workers. With the companys trademark green, these stores are more splendid that the standard electrical store. This activity has given SenHeng electrical a more amiable picture and empowered the organization to offer progressively proficient assistance to its clients. Faithfulness Card The organization has actualized PlusOne dedication card, a remarkable arrangement to compensate its clients. The card individuals from PlusOne are permitted to appreciate additional thirteen months of item guarantee just as 30% off on all help or fixing work costs. In extra to that, those items that bought via card individuals will be conveyed to their doorstep with no charge. Each bought thing is remunerated with explicit focuses to its part card and these focuses will be utilized to reclaim for different merchandise. Fixed value approach and adaptable installment conspire To normalize the administration standard and take out poor encounters by client in the companys outlet all through the country, the organization has executed a fixed value approach and the item offered by its outlets conveyed a similar cost. The organization has association with in excess of ten significant banks for adaptable installment techniques where clients are permitted to make installment by means of money or credit and pick their favored portion plan with premium free. Assortments of items To give comforts to its purchasers and upgrading their shopping experience, the organization has offered assortments of electrical items for various brands. It covers home apparatuses, computerized imaging, PC, sound video, office mechanization and those electrical machines from room to kitchen. Item testing and demo offices are given to its buyers to learn on the items before buy. 2.0 Weaknesses of the Company Shopper is the sort in todays showcase. So as to hold existing client and convert them into steadfast client, the organization needs to tune in and comprehend their customer needs. In spite of SenHengs exertion in giving preparing to improve the administration standard of its workers, be that as it may, it is as yet hard to deal with the administration quality standard for every one of its outlets because of the huge number of the outlets spread all through the country. Clients criticism is accordingly essential to the organization to check the administration standard of separate outlet and put in proper preventive measure which SenHeng needs to concentrate on it. Opportunity E-Commerce As per euromoney most recent measurement, the web clients in Malaysia have keeps on developing from 14 million out of 2007 to 17 million of every 2011. Internet business served one of the

Persuasive Essay Samples - How to Use Them

Persuasive Essay Samples - How to Use ThemAlthough it can be hard to find persuasive essay samples for sixth graders, the Internet offers a wealth of materials for you to use. Whether you are searching for essay examples that will help your kids communicate with ideas, you are looking for a conversational essay, or you need an essay to use as a support in a high school curriculum, the Internet can be your resource.There are many ways to develop a persuasive essay. You may decide to develop your own writing sample, but you may also want to go to a conference, workshop, or class and learn how to write your own essay. It is important to understand that you do not have to be a professional writer to develop persuasive essay.First, you should know how to develop a persuasive essay in the first place. It is important to know that persuasive essays should be thought out and written well. If you make a mistake in a persuasive essay, the essay may not be persuasive, but the person who is writ ing will not have the confidence to talk back. So make sure that you write each section clearly, and that you are well prepared to discuss any specific points that you may need to make.Second, you should prepare yourself before you begin to write a persuasive essay. Try to write an essay on a topic that interests you. For example, if you like science, you could try to write an essay on space and time. If you enjoy history, you could try to write an essay on movies.When you are developing a persuasive essay, make sure that you take notes while you are writing the essay. By writing your notes while you are writing the essay, you will be able to read the essay later and see exactly what you wrote and whether it is convincing or not.Finally, when you are preparing to write a persuasive essay, it is important to take notes on grammar. Make sure that you check your grammar and punctuation on all references you make to grammar and punctuation, and you will make sure that you will not miss any errors that you might have made. Grammar can be difficult for many people, so you will want to make sure that you are able to communicate your thoughts clearly.If you need more convincing about your essay to persuade people, you can find persuasive essay samples online. By going to sites where you can find persuasive essay samples, you will be able to develop an essay that is appealing to the readers. Using persuasive essay examples can help you get started on a persuasive essay.No matter what your needs are for persuasive essays, you will be able to find persuasive essay samples on the Internet. When you are ready to use these persuasive essay samples, you will be able to speak your mind without any hesitancy.

Ray Charles - 683 Words

Ray Charles Is it justifiable or not for him to take gospel music and turn the song into secular songs? Explain whether it was right or wrong. What motivated Ray Charles to experiment with so many genres of music? Was Ray Charles responsible for Margie Hendrix’s early death? Why/Why not? Use one word to describe Ray Charles and explain why. It was justifiable for Ray Charles to take gospel music and turn the song into secular because a new generation was arising. In a community where different genres of music are seen as competition in the music industry, Ray wanted to stand out. The best way to achieve this he had to cause controversy. By remixing and old time favourite gospel track, he gained popularity both negative and†¦show more content†¦ad the girl he would always listen to what they said no questionsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ray Charles2718 Words   |  11 PagesRay Charles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray Charles was a revolutionary pianist and a soul singer who helped shape the sound of rhythm and blues. He brought a soulful sound to everything from country music to pop standards to â€Å"God Bless America.† His birth name was Ray Charles Robinson, but he shortened it when he entered show business to avoid confusion with the famous boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. I chose Ray Charles as the topic for my paper after seeing the movie Ray. After viewing this film I realized that thereRead MoreEssay about Ray Charles Robinson1095 Words   |  5 PagesRay Charles Robinson Ray Charles Robinson, more commonly known as Ray Charles (to avoid confusion with boxer Sugar Ray Robinson), was born in the southern city of Albany, GA on September 23, 1930. He was a prolific, multi-talented singer, pianist, bandleader, and composer who, when on stage captivated his audience not only by his musical ability, but also because he was a blind, African American man. He was given the nickname â€Å"the Genius† for his capability of combining the musicRead MoreLife and Music of Ray Charles Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesLife and Music of Ray Charles The history of musicians is a very interesting subject. There are thousands and millions of interesting types of musicians. Ray Charles was a very talented musician. His focus was on Soul Music, which was Jazz combined with Gospel music. Jazz was also a big focus of his music. Ray Charles wasn’t like other musicians. He was a blind musician. Many often wonder how someone can be blind and also be a musician, but Ray Charles was a fine example to show that it was possibleRead MoreThe Impact Of Ray Charles On American Culture1164 Words   |  5 Pages The impact that Ray Charles has had on American culture is nearly indescribable. Although unable to see, he was successful in making his artistic visions come to life by fusing the sounds of blues, gospel, jazz, and RB, making him one of the leading soul artists of the 1950s. The legendary musician is recognized for being a pillar in the industry, credited with making strides in desegregating musical genres. Although he composed many of his early hits, Charles is considered to be an interpreterRead More The Legendary Musician, Ray Charles Robinson Essay532 Words   |  3 PagesThe Legendary Musician, Ray Charles Robinson Ray Charles Robinson was born on September 23, 1930 in Albany Georgia. His father was Bailey Robinson, a railroad repair man, and his mother was Retha. His father never married his mother. His legal wife was Mary Jane, who also helped to raise Charles. By the time he was three, young Charles was learning to play the piano. When he was five his brother, who was three at the time, drowned. A few months later Charles got the disease that wouldRead More ray charles Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages Ray Charles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the 1930s many black musicians where coming out of the south. One especially who would soon top the charts and hit fame and fortune starting in his young years, Ray Charles. After conquering poverty, blindness and many other things, success was possible. In his young age he had a few losses in his family and near after came down with a disease which was causing him to go blind. He later came over the blindness and was able to learn and compose musicRead MoreRay Charles : The Devil s Advocate And La Bamba1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe biography/drama based on the worldwide entertainer Ray Charles is directed by Taylor Hackford, who is known for his other works such as The Devil’s Advocate and La Bamba. In this 2004 film, Hackford along with sound designer Scott Sanders, sound supervisor Karen Baker Landers and composer Craig Armstrong musically bring to life the life of the famous performer. The introduction credits of the film begin with complete silence, at first I was worried that there was something wrong with my computerRead MoreRay Charles2786 Words   |  12 PagesRay Charles The Life and Legacy of a Genius Ray Charles was a revolutionary pianist and a soul singer who helped shape the sound of rhythm and blues. He brought a soulful sound to everything from country music to pop standards to God Bless America. His birth name was Ray Charles Robinson, but he shortened it when he entered show business to avoid confusion with the famous boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. I chose Ray Charles as the topic for my paper after seeing the movie Ray. AfterRead MoreRay Charles Addiction827 Words   |  4 PagesRay Charles was suffering from substance abuse disorder. Substance disorder is defined as a complex behavioral disorder characterized by preoccupation with obtaining alcohol or other drugs (AOD) and a narrowing of the behavioral repertoire towards excessive consumption and loss of control over consumption. It is usually also accompanied by the development of tolerance and withdrawal and impairment in social and occupational functioning. Ray Charles continued substance abuse caused fights at ho meRead MoreTrue Grit And Ray From Charles Portis s The Dog Of The South Show Devotion1369 Words   |  6 PagesWhen someone is devoted in life, they can most likely achieve their all time life goals. Mattie Ross from Charles Portis s True Grit and Ray from Charles Portis s The dog of the south show devotion throughout their novels: obsession showing devotion, revenge showing devotion, and bravery leading to devotion. Throughout True Grit Mattie is shown to be obsessive, which is shown through her devotion throughout the novel. That is my father. I stood there looking at him. What a waste! Tom Chaney

Effects Of Obesity On The United States There Are Many...

Cause/Effect Paper Draft In the United States there are many excuses for the obesity. Many of these reasons include being tired from a long day at work, having lots of house work to do, the kids have one or more activities they may need help with, or there are 101 errands to run on top of the other to do list that already needs completed. Where these are all legitimate reasons for not exercising at that moment or may be a reason for needing to grab a quick meal, they aren’t necessarily excuses for being obese. Some people may have problems that do allow them to have a justifiable reason on why they are overweight, for example some medical problems don’t allow all people to lose weight, and in some way it is probably not healthy for†¦show more content†¦The availability of these restaurants and the willingness to consume food from them is allowing our bodies to ingest one major ingredient that is poorly absorbed in our bodies, and that is trans fats. Trans fats, properly known as trans fatty acids are an unsaturated fatty acid found in some vegetable oils (Merrium-Webster, 2015). These trans fatty acids are found in fast food, biscuits, cakes, frozen pizza, and microwave popcorn among many other commonly consumed foods. Fast food restaurants use these trans fatty acids with other oils to deep fry food that allows food to â€Å"taste good† or be more desirable. These trans fats are thought to generate a higher amount of stomach and abdominal fat and are also known to raise LDL cholesterol and cause additional health problems (Astrup, Dyerberg, Selleck, Stender, 2008). Another leading cause of poor nutrition in the United States is portion size. Portion sizes vary all over the world and even from our homes to the restaurant. The bigger the portion size the more people feel like they have to eat. This feeling causes them to eat more than they need to be fulfilled and more calories consumed than needed for the body to run. Generally if people don’t eat all of their food they feel like they are being wasteful and they continue to eat even after they are full (Astrup, Dyerberg, Selleck, Stender, 2008). One major problem with this is the amount of food being consumed. People have to be able to know

Social Media And Its Effect On Society - 1708 Words

Social media can be both an extremely positive and extremely negative part of today’s society. In our current day and age, a majority of teenagers use social media apps every single day. Social media allows people to connect with friends and family, allows you to see what is going on in the world, and gives you the ability to express yourself to a large audience. As nice as that may sound, there are also negatives to social media. For example, some people use the power of social media to do harm. For most teenagers body image is extremely important. Even if you’re confident in yourself, nowadays people base their self worth on how many likes their picture gets, or even worse, by comparing themselves to the unrealistic, photoshopped pictures of celebrities that clutter the internet. Over time many people around the globe have recognized this problem and small steps have been taken to create a change; however, more people need to band together to solve this problem on a g lobal level. The longer this problem goes unsolved, the more our youth is affected. I’m sure that everyone has looked in the mirror at least once in their life and pinpointed one specific thing they dislike about their body, and in many cases these people do not like that specific feature because it is not celebrated in the media. Every day that the problem of unrealistic photoshopping in the media is not solved, the number of people affected increases drastically. Celebrities and news outlets should workShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesSociety Crumbles into Smithereens One Post at a Time You are walking out of the new Star Wars movie, posting about how superb it was, when suddenly you are swooped up and thrown in the back of a vehicle. No one would have thought posting about how you were there earlier would provoke such a situation. After all, social networking is â€Å"safe† and â€Å"friendly.† Now, social media is defined as â€Å"A form of electric communication through which users create online communities to share information,† accordingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1711 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence usually are not the first words you would expect to come to mind when thinking about the term â€Å"social media,† yet with a little digging you will soon realize it could be the perfect description. Social media can be defined as forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages and other content. Most often social media is understood as a p ositive concept because of the ways it has allowed us to attain cheap and easilyRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn a broad sense, Social media refers to elements such as websites, television, blogs, IM, and other applications that enable users to create and share various forms of content such as messages, pictures, and information, or to be able to participate in social networking. Social media depends on web-based applications, which allow a high level of virtual interaction on various levels such as social, professional, and educational levels. Social media has had various contributions to the developmentRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1592 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of vast social media networks has improved our communications and interactions. These networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, are essential to how information is shared and criticized. The Social Media Handbook defines social media as â€Å"networked information services designed to support in-depth interaction, community formation, collaborative opportunities and collaborative work† (Hunsinger, 2014 p.1). Having an account or profile on these sites is more than a social norm; it is a requirementRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesPeople may say social media is good for you but is it really? Everyday, everywhere I always see people on social media calling people bad names, not being able to communicate face to face with each other. Social media, social media, social media†¦ oh what is has done to the world, so many students grades have dropped, criminals PROMOTE crimes. Ultimately, what is at stake here is social media will one day take over the world. People’s safety will be in danger, crimes will increase, people will getRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has become prominent parts of life for many young people today. Most people engage with social media without stopping to think what the effects are on our lives, whether positive or negative. Are we as a society becoming more concerned with Facebook friends than we are with the people we interact with face-to-face in our daily lives? What will the longterm effects of today s social media use be? There are many positive aspects, but there are equally as many dangers that come withRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1601 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent editorial titled â€Å"Hazards of Social Media† on your LinkedIn page on February 10t h, 2016. It was very interesting to read your perspective on social media and its effect on society. Having an undergraduate major in Psychology at the University of Southern California and currently conducting research on social media usage at the Brain and Creativity Institute of USC, I have spent significant time researching the issue of social media.Though I agree that social media can be hazardous if not used effectivelyRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society998 Words   |  4 Pagesis bound to be a shift in social norms. As the times change, so does societal views on acceptable values. One such possibility is the standard value accepted by mainstream society in which the way a female body is sexually portrayed in the media. It appears that society has not only accepted this standard, but has increasingly encouraged a more sexualized representation of the female body. Social media is an informational highway about what is accepted by the larger society and inferred by the individualsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1151 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media The Workplaces’ Largest Enemy Being employed means that an individual will in most cases have coworkers and bosses; the environment shared between the employees is known as the workplace. In the time before technology, people being fired from their jobs was not an unheard of situation. The difference now is people are being terminated from their jobs because of something they posted on social media. If this was not the case, it would set a precedent that posting inappropriate or hurtfulRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesIn our modern world, the use of social media is overwhelming and second nature due to the availability. Several people all around the world possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing social media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. â€Å"Technology’s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable take n over as the most efficient ways of communicating with each

Issues In Cloud Computing Security Privacy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Security And Privacy In Cloud Computing? What Are The Possible Security Challenges In Cloud Computing? What Are The Measures Taken To Control The Security Issues In Cloud Computing? Answers: Introducation The cloud computing is a field of technology where the users are enabled to have access to various computing resources which includes the computers in a network, servers ,devices for storing data, application programs and the various services. The cloud computing enables the users to access those facilities very conveniently and less effort is required to manage them since they are only accessible remotely through the internet connections only. Through this technology the user is able to perform some computing work where he is given privileges of storing and doing the data processing as well where they do it if they either have private clouds services or even in other servers belonging to the third parties which are situated in the various data centers and therefore this improves the efficiency and reliability in terms of the data accessibility. Therefore the cloud computing mainly enhances the ability to share the computer resources in order to made the computing activity more economical and improve the resources utilities. Therefore through cloud computing the users are able to minimize the operation cost and makes the entrepreneurs to achieve their core goals since they dont spend more money to setup computer infrastructures nor do they spend on the costs of maintenance Challenges and problems in cloud computing. The cloud computing is highly affected by the insecurity issues in the services delivery ,however the privacy is another major issue that is related to clouds computing ,below are some of the challenges of the cloud computing. Losing of controls. The users of the cloud computing has little control over their data ,especially when the users transfers their data to the remote cloud based servers, therefore the data remains unprotected since the cloud server vendors do not give the clients privileges of controlling their data directly . Losing and breaching of data. The loss of the data by the clients is among the worst threat in the field of cloud computing ,there are various instances that the clients end up losing their data and this affects highly their business processes where the most sensitive information happen to be stolen while in the cloud servers. Data Storage and Transmission under Multiple Regional Regulations. The cloud server has an infrastructure which is mainly in distributed form and thus the data of the clients might end up being stored in various servers in different locations geographically and thus it becomes an issue to the users due to the set regulation rules set for them locally concerning their storage of data since the laws set locally might end up being violated because of the nature of the cloud servers which is dynamic. Lacking of Transparency. The cloud computing technology has a challenge with the data security ,this is because the details of the servers storing the clients data is not disclosed to the clients and no prove or facts that are provided to assure the clients on the safety of their data. Issues in relation to virtualization. The cloud computing provide the data abstraction of the data provided by the users using the physical constraints, this virtualization is however done in computing resources like the operating system, network, memories and storage devices. Issues related to the multi-tenancies. This is a situation where the cloud vendors store the data of various users in the same hard drives to cut on cost, therefore many resources in computation end up being shared by many users and client which could lead to interference of the clients data integrity. However using this multi-tenants storage they have common security measures and this can cause the clients data being compromised. Poor data Managerial Issues In the cloud computing the management is a big challenge, this is because there are chances of the vendors having a team of employees who are malicious insiders and they might end up violating the clients data. In most instances the challenge of management are not much technical and this prevents management of the technical issues together. Using the cloud technology however requires the managers to be skilled enough but not having general operations and this end up making the management more complicated and risky in organizations using the cloud technology. However the managers are also restricted from having the direct access to the computational data and the other types of resources stored in the cloud servers. Relevant Technologies The information technology is currently growing very fast where many technology are being introduced among them is cloud technology which is set to use the internet which is highly being adopted by many companies and businesses (Thomas, 2015). The cloud computing however utilizes the ability to do computer facilities outsourcing; therefore it enables the clients to make use of applications which are stored in remote cloud servers. The cloud server provides the services to the users and the clients do not require caring for things like the storage space power sources and other resources required. The cloud computing is however implemented using the various technologies as below. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) This is a technology used by the cloud computing and it is used in the hosting of infrastructures which entails the hardware ,programs, the server and storage media ,however it provided the clients with the data back-ups ,maintain data security and ensure the system is maintained. Software as a Service (SaaS). This is a technology where the cloud computing provides the users with access of the programs which includes the browsers and the clients are able to use them very easily. Platform as a Service (PaaS) This is another cloud computing technology that through it the users are able to do the development, running, and management of the application programs where the clients dont have to labor much in program codes writing, finding the storage space and other hardware as well, however some of the paas are managed by the vendors while some are hosted in servers which are private and are managed by the clients themselves. Applications of the Cloud computing The cloud computing is one of the fields which are termed to be the best in the field of computing where it is effective way of cutting on costs ,improved flexibilities and optimization in terms of utilizing the computing resources . Below are some of the applications of the cloud computing: Applications testing and developments. The cloud computing is used to do the development of the applications and also their testing which will cut on the budget for development since there is no extra resources needed by the clients . This reduces need to do installations or further configuration of the development environment which provides the resources which are virtual by nature. Big data analytics The cloud computing has a great ability to hold and do analysis of large amount of data which are in various forms ,therefore the technology gives the clients ability to extract some meaningful information obtained from a very huge set of the data (Rajkumar, 2014). Good File storage The cloud computing technology had the ability to do the storage of file and allows the clients to access them as well where they access the stored file by help of the web based applications. These website interfaces have various qualities since they are highly available, of high speed ,scalable ,and provides the required security in the clients environments. However while using the cloud computing the clients do not have worry since the only expense incurred is only for the files storage space and no any other expenditure like the maintenance costs and so on. Ease in disasters recovery The cloud computing is also used in the discovery of the system disasters that may arise to the institutions local systems this ensures that the organizations recover their assets with ease where few steps are involved and low cost is incurred. Data backups The cloud computing had simplified the backing up of data since the tradition times the process was costly, time consuming and very tedious where the clients used to buy the backup media which was quite expensive, however the cloud computing enables the clients to backup the data automatically for the clients, this data will be used in case the clients looses their data. Summarized issues discussed in the forum The discussion concerning the cloud computing security issues was vital since the cloud computing is a major technology and uses major standards ,however the main issues discussed is the various technologies used in the implementation of the cloud computing where we found they are three like the Iaas,saas and paas technologies. However we noted there are various limitations that faces the success of the cloud computing which included chances of loss of data ,lack of control and the breaching of the clients data by some malicious users. Then it is clear that the cloud technologies are also involved with various applications which includes the easy backup ,ease in storage of files and enable clients to recover from disasters with ease. How posts contributed to this knowledge According to the research that I conducted the information provided by the peers is fully accurate since my contribution as also about the same issues which were as follows. The cloud computing mainly used technologies are the Iaas,saas and paas ,however there were number of challenges faced in the cloud computing which were loss of data ,lack of control and the breaching of the clients data by some malicious users (John, 2014). The cloud computing also has a number of applications which were the easy backup, ease in storage of files and enabling the clients to recover from disasters with ease. Important issue that was not addressed. The issue of cloud computing which is not discussed is the issue relating to the measures to be taken to control the security issues in the cloud computing which is very important. Importance of these issues. The issues relating to the control measure taken to control the security issues is very vitals since it enables the clients and the vendors how to cater for various aspects like : How to enforce the privacy in the users data storages. How to enforce security to the users data during the runtime. How to enforce data privacies during its transmission through the networks. The type of the authentications and authorizations required for data access. Impact and application/impact of these issues in the real world. The cloud security and privacy is one of the major roles in the field of computing however the issue of control of the issues of insecurity has various impacts which includes the following: Maintenance of the data integrity. This is where the data due to the security instilled is not interfered with and thus the data maintains its originality. Prevent data loss. Through the data security measures the chance of losing the data is very low and thus the business owners do not need to in cure more expense in data recovery . Control of the breach of the data and information. This is where the security measures taken will eventually hider the malicious people from interfering with data of the clients or causing any alterations (Judith , 2016).. Reflection of important lessons learnt From the research conducted about the cloud computing there are various observations and lessons that I learnt, these lessons can be summarized as below point. The cloud computing technology is one of the best technologies since it is used to offer services to the clients at a relatively low cost where no extra expense is incurred. The cloud computing is associated with various challenges since it have some limitations to the clients since they lack full control of their data, there are chance of breach of the data and also the clients are at risk of losing their data. The cloud computing can be improved by improving the data security and also giving the clients more privileges to access the data References Judith ,H.(2016).Cloud Computing For Dummies, Australia: John Wiley Sons. John,R.(2014).Cloud Computing Explained, U.K: Recursive the Limited. Rajkumar ,B.(2014).Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms (Wiley Series on Parallel and Distributed Computing),Australia: Wiley-Blackwell. Thomas,E.(2015).Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology Architecture, U.S: Prentice Hall

Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand Essay Example

Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand Essay The intensive exposure to marketing environment has enriched me enough, not only to survive in this competitive environment but to excel and to open my own business in the long run. It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable guidance extended to me by various employees of Outlook India Pvt. Ltd. in successful completion of this project. A sense of gratitude is not enough to express my sincere thanks towards Mr. Himanshu Pandey (National Sales Manager, Outlook India pvt. td), for providing me an opportunity to pursue my summer internship at such an esteemed organization. With equal gratitude I would like to thank Mr. Sumit Bhardwaj (Deputy Manager, sales) and Mr. Sandeep Kumar Sona (Senior Executive, Marketting), for providing me with the insight to corporate culture and under whose valuable guidance and cooperation I conducted my study. I am thankful to all City Managers, Cafe Manager and Cafe Staff for the valuable discussions and suggestions which helped me a lot in understanding this industry and in completing my project work. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Dr. K. L. Chawla FORE School Of Management and my Project Guide for his constant motivation and valuable suggestions throughout the internship program. Amba Prasad Tiwari 93007 PGDM-IBM (2009-11) Fore School of Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marketing is very necessary for every organization. It helps organizations in determining what product and services may interest customers and also strategies for use in product development, sales and promotions. Business magazines in India are one of the best ways of getting all the information regarding the current events taking place in the business world of India. Business magazines in India provide all the information that is required to quench the thirst and curiosity of the general mass. The market for the Business India magazine is vast. The Top Business magazines of India are sold in huge numbers all over India. Some of the top business magazines of India are: Businessworld, Outlook Business, Business Today, BusinessBarons and Business India. These are the few Business magazines in India that have an excellent market. Ever since India started riding high on the economic boom after liberalization in 1991, countless business magazines have come into existence in the country and have opened up shops as well. The last few years have seen innumerable Business magazines in India hitting the market and it will not be an overstatement to say that their number would easily touch three scores. Outlook has a group of 14 Magazines; they have 3 business magazines, Outlook business, Outlook Money and Outlook Profit. The Business magazine market has become increasingly competitive and the consumer purchasing patterns are highly volatile and hence effective consumer promotions have a much greater significance in publishers planning. In order to tackle the tough competition from its competitors most of the magazines need to formulate effective promotions so that the consumers are motivated for the subscription purchase. Business Magazine industry has gone a long way in formulating and implementing the promotional strategies. Promotions strategies formulated by different publishers have been diversified to produce good results. All the promotion types Advertising, Sales promotion, Personal selling, Online marketing and Direct marketing are being used effectively to increase the sales as well as market share. Sales promotion is the area where most of the magazines are giving more importance because of its contribution towards the total sales. Effective and attractive promotional schemes are to be formulated for successful promotion of subscription sales. Most of the people know about Outlook Business but they are unaware about Outlook Money (personal finance guide) and Outlook Profit (share market guide). These magazines cater to niche segment of business. Even after having no competitors in magazine industry they are not doing well. Company believes that the reason is that most of the people are unaware about them or if they know about it, they confuse it with general business magazine. This study of consumer perspective aimed at evaluating the customer perspective about Business magazine to find out potential causes, educating people about magazine and suggesting some strategies that company can adopt to do well From the findings of the market survey and by different analysis performed effective strategies has been formulated and proposed which might be useful in devising the future strategies for outlook. The strategies were formulated on a diversified ground so that it will produce optimal results in future. Since the customer retention efforts from outlook are very less, a number of customer retention strategies also has been formulated and proposed. The strategies are formulated by keeping in mind that it should contribute towards Outlook’s journey to become a future leader in Indian print media. Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION 1. 1 MAGAZINE INDUSTRIES: THE INDIAN SCENARIO The magazine industry in India was expecting the sales to grow but the data that have been revealed by the IRS have shown that the sales of magazines have been decreasing. But then also the online subscription part of the magazine industry is seeing a rise of 37% each year, which is a very positive result for the industry. The subscription of magazines online is termed as e-subscription. This method of getting magazines can be a very important market as the technological awareness of people is increasing at a rapid pace. Also technology is being used to facilitate people to get all the things they require. As the competition in the professional lives of people increases the thirst for information and knowledge increases. This thirst for knowledge can be quenched by the proper positioning of the product which is magazine. The positioning of the magazine can be by providing it efficiently to people. The e-subscription market comes into picture with this requirement. And if this market is capitalized upon it can prove to be one of the biggest market with a lot of potential in it. The circulation wise top 10 magazines in India are as follows: India Today (H) India Today (E) Kungumum Grihashobha (H) Kumudam Saras Salil (H) Sarita Meri Saheli Outlook Ananda Vikatan The magazine industry is one of the most competitive industry in the country. The market of e-subscription is showing a great promise by showing growth rate which is very encouraging. The promotion of magazines in online industry is a very attractive task as one has to identify the target segment and then promote the e-subscription of magazines in the websites which are the most popular ones. This will also require e-commerce understanding of a manger. To identify the potential of online subscriptions we have divided our sample space into students and non students. The result obtained from one of the surveys done by IRS demonstrated that IT professionals and bankers are one of the segments which has great potential for taking e-subscriptions as they are always in touch of the net and can access soft copy of a magazine very easily. The potential of e-subscriptions in India is huge as in the country the number of internet users is 60-70 million and 7. million broadband connections. The 3G technology is about to come to the country in some months and 440 million subscribers of mobile are also one of the positives as they are 40% of the total population of the country. The data that 16 million people accessed online articles about 40% more than earlier year is also positive finding for the magazine industry. Outlook Publishing house has no magazine in the top ten magazine lis t and it can capitalize on the online market and go for flank attack by dominating the market and then industry. The magazine market in India is expected to grow at a sound 12 per cent in 2010-11. With a number of international magazines expanding operations in India, the market is expected to grow fast, in spite of the growth of online and social media. Business magazines are by far the most common and popular in India, followed by entertainment (Bollywood), current affairs, fashion and travel magazines. Some of the major players are The Times of India Group, Outlook Group, Dainik Jagran, Lok Satta, The Hindustan Times and The Hindu. The main reasons for the sound growth are that a large part of the population is still not internet- and computer-savvy, the increasing literacy rate and the interest of foreign players in the sector. With the government opening up the sector to foreign investment, whereby international magazines can publish Indian editions in partnership with an Indian company and in compliance with the foreign investment norms, the industry is expected to grow further. Some of the hurdles which this industry might face can be the growth of the electronic-magazine culture and increasing internet usage. This may indirectly also affect the print advertisement industry which largely thrives on magazines and newspapers for visibility Business magazine are aimed at readers at work or at least in support their professional life’s or business sector, occupation or profession. Content is usually based on industry news and features. The business model can include single copy sales, but is mainly based on subscriptions and advertising. some titles have only advertising revenue, and are sent to qualified readers(controlled circulation magazine). t the other extreme, some newsletter publishers have a subscription-only model and carry no advertising. Mostly business Magazine are written and edited by Professional journalists but may also include contributions from expert within the industry covered. Before 2005 Opportunities of FDI in print media market were limited by regulatory constraints to licensing arrangements after removal of these constraints there are still commercial issues wh ich have to be considered by any foreign company entering the market. The most significant of these are: Competition: This is a highly competitive market in which a well established set of domestic competitors already vie for supremacy with a huge range of products. Pricing: By any standards prices are low in India and the market is small in dollar terms. Market conditions in the past three years have seen further downward pressure. For most international publishing companies, it is going to be very challenging to structure a business in a way which can generate sufficiently large returns to look attractive in a global context. Consolidation opportunity: There has so far been very little consolidation of business media of the type that was seen in the US and Europe and in the 1980s and 1990s. Most media companies are relatively small and poorly capitalized. The giants such as Bennett, Coleman of the Times of India and, to a lesser extent, the Living India Group are exceptions. In non-news media in particular, there are clearly opportunities for foreign investors with a long-term perspective to build up a portfolio of titles in a larger company than currently exists. Language: English is the language of business in India and that makes it more accessible in some respects than the other major markets in Asia, Japan and China. There are no additional translation costs and, in theory at least, communications between partners should be more direct than in markets where language is a constraining factor. Outlook Presence in Business Magazine Market Outlook Group publishes 3 business magazines namely: Outlook Business: Fortnightly magazine from outlook group is new way of business journalism in the magazine space. Targeted at decision makers, the product focuses on important business issues and developments with a view to providing clear takeaways – impact and implications for decision-making. A holistic approach ensures all influences on business: economic, political, regulatory and market driven is examined. Views from the best in industry supplement strong analytical in-house features to ensure a fine balance of perspectives, insights and information. In keeping with the rapid unification of markets, Outlook Business incorporates a global perspective, which it sees as a vital input, in all its content. Due recognition is also given to venture capital, hedge funds and private equity. This is only fair, since capital, a key driver of business, is footloose and fancy-free in this brave new global economic order. Outlook Money: In July 1998, the Group launched Intelligent Investor re-christened as OUTLOOK MONEY as of 30-Nov-2002, Indias first personal finance magazine which offers sound strategies for the lay investor, especially the growing segment of salaried middle and upper middle-class and self-employed professionals. Its message is clear and simple: Invest well, borrow wisely, spend smartly. Evidently, that message has gone down well: the magazine sold upwards of 1,00,000 copies a fortnight within a year. One of its distinguishing characteristics is that about 93 per cent of readers retain all past issues of Outlook Money. Outlook Profit: OutLook Magazine is a fortnightly magazine that packs market intelligence incisive analysis of the stock market, while capturing emerging trends tracking market experts their moves. This online magazine promises a unique data section that marks the markets packed with credible analysis. Chapter 2 . LITERATURE REVIEW Before starting any research it is very necessary to read articles and other research papers that have been written on the subject in the past. These literatures help us in developing a strong base for our study and provide us with information that can be used during the research. It also helps in developing objectives for the study. Literatures used by researcher in this study are, 1. Consumer trend report by â€Å"Target cast TCM† This report gives information about change in consumer attitude, perception and usage of mass media (magazines, newspapers, radio and internet). Its key findings include difference between men and women consumers, TV and internet as most important sources of media, present relevancy of newspapers and magazines. (TargetCast tcm, 2009) 2. â€Å"Indian Business magazine† an article on Indianbusinessmagazine. com. It tells us about how business magazines are important and how they are coming up in a big way. It also gives an example of Business India magazine and how this magazine established itself. (Indian Business Magazine) 3. â€Å"Are Newspapers and magazines dying†, an article by Don Dodge. This article was written on September 5, 2006. It talks about the changing reading habits of people. It says that with time the popularity of newspapers and magazines has decreased. People are increasingly reading news online. He has given data to show the reduction in the subscriptions of magazines and newspapers over a period of time. It also states that most of the magazines and newspapers are online today as they do not want to lose their customers and their Ad value. (Dodge, 2006) 4. â€Å"Indian Readership Survey, 2009† This survey covers top 25(according to readership) newspapers and magazines in English, Hindi and several other languages. It tells us about the growth or decline in the overall readership as well as of individual newspapers and magazines. Here all facts are supported by data, which is collected through survey. (IRS, Indian readership survey) 5. â€Å"Newspapers Outperforms Magazines† an article Newspaper National Network This article tells us why newspapers have outperformed magazines and what are pros and cons of magazines and newspapers. Every fact is supported by data. It can be very useful in determining where magazines lack and where can they improve to be at par with newspapers. (Network) 6. â€Å"Indian Readership survey 2008† This is same as the survey of the 2009. The only difference is that it covers only top 10 magazines. If taken up along with IRS survey 2009, it gives us an insight into which magazines are consistently performing well. Identification of such magazines will tell us what different they are doing to be ahead all the time. (IRS, Indian readership survey) 7. â€Å"Six frequently asked questions about magazines† an article on atompublishing. com. These questions tell us a large number of things about customers reading magazines. It answers questions like how can a customer magazine help sales, how can it promote brand awareness etc. These are very useful insights which can help us in knowing about customer perspective and attitude towards magazines. (Publishing) In print media industry there are two main sources of obtaining data to determine readership of any publication: 1. National Readership Survey – NRS 2. Indian Readership Survey IRS National Readership Survey is a survey on all media, but especially the print medium, conducted by the National Readership Studies Council (NRSC) supported by Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC), Advertising Agencies association of India (AAAI) Indian Newspapers Society. It investigates the readership of about 80 major Indian publications-dailies, weeklies, bi-weeklies and monthlies-in over 475 towns of 57 regions across the length and breadth of the country. The towns, selected, however are publication centers of dailies. By process of ‘systematic sampling,’ over 55,000 households in these towns are surveyed, the number of households in each town proportionate to it population. All men and womenfolk above the age 15 are questioned for about half an hour on the basis of a structured questionnaire. It claimed to be the most thorough readership survey in the country. It provides exhaustive data (available to its clients on computer disks) readership, radio listenership profile’-the socio economic characteristics of the readers of various publications, of cinema and TV viewers, and of listeners to radio, as well as the degree of duplication among publications and between media. Research agencies involved are: IMRB, TNS Sofres Mode and AC Nielsen in collaboration with ORG. Indian Readership Survey is conducted by the Media Research Users Council (MRUC). IRS 2002 is the largest continuous media survey ever conducted (sample size of 229,000 individuals) providing a single-source database for demographics, media habits and product / brand usage across 986 towns and 2858 villages in India. The survey was conducted over two rounds with the field work between November 2001 and November 2002. * This all-India survey conducted jointly with the Media Research Users Council (MRUC) also provides product / brand penetration information for over 50 different products allowing one to link media habits and product usage data for adults and children from the age of 12 years. Both NRS IRS * †¢ Gives media consumption habits, product ownership consumption, lifestyle indicators information on macro demographic geographic parameters. Population coverage: 12 years above Sample size: over 200, 000 Geographic coverage: All India (Urban + Rural) According to NRS 2008, †¢ Press adds 34 million readers in the last 2 years. †¢ Press continues to grow, adding 21 million readers between 2002 and 2005. †¢ Over the last 3 years the number of readers of dailies and magazines put together among those aged 15 years and above has grown from 179 mn to 200 mn a growth of 4% every year. Note: Recently the scope of NRS has been expanded to include those aged 12 years and above but the 15 years age cut-off has been applied for the sake of comparison with NRS 2002. ) †¢ There is still significant scope for growth, as 314 million people who can read and understand any language do not read any publication. It is not just affordability that is a constr aint, since 21 million of these literate non-readers belong to the upscale SEC A and B segments. According to IRS 2009, just when it seemed the print media was booming once again, the Indian Readership Survey 2009 Round 1 has pricked the bubble. There are few newspapers or magazines that have seen any growth? Most have seen erosion in readership. Dainik Jagran retains its No 1 position among newspapers with 19. 07 million readers, Dainik Bhaskar follows second with 14. 57 million, and Daily Thanthi is third with a readership of 10. 23 million. Amar Ujala is still at four with 9. 89 million readers. Malayala Manorama (9. 35 million) and Hindustan (9. 72 million) have interchanged positions at number five and six. Lokmat, Eenadu, Mathrubhumi and Times of India take the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth spots with 8. 0 million, 7. 94 million, 7. 65 million, and 7. 08 million readers, respectively. ToI is the only English daily to find a place in the top 10. Except for Amar Ujala and Hindustan, every other publication in the top ten lists has experienced a marginal decline in readership. For the IRS 2009 R1 an annual sample size of 2. 4 lakh was covered spread equally over two rounds. A total of 1,178 towns and 2,894 villages wer e surveyed. The data represents fieldwork during the full year Jan-Dec 2009. The mid-point of the survey is June 1, 2009. Being a continuous survey, the reporting takes place every six months based on a Moving Annual Total. According to the survey, the number of households has grown by 1. 4 per cent over 2005 to reach 210 million. Individual growth rate has been slightly lower than household growth rate at 0. 85 taking the total 12 yrs + population to 784 million. With single age-breaks now available from the Census, the age group data has been realigned. The proportion of the total share of 20-29 age group has declined from 25 per cent to 23. 6 per cent. The data shows that the reach of mass media has stagnated in the last three years. Press reach has been hovering around at 24 per cent, TV at 55 per cent, radio at 21 per cent, and Internet at 1. 5 per cent at the all India level. In urban India, press and TV have declined. The press reach declined from 42. 9 per cent in 2004 to 41. 7 per cent in 2006. Though TV declined from 80. 2 per cent to 78. 9 per cent in the last three years, CS has shown some growth, from 53. 5 per cent in 2007 to 54. 4 per cent in 2010. The main source of revenue for any publishing group is advertising. An advertiser would like to know the facts and figures before investing his money in advertising. And before investing the money, the advertiser ought to know how many people buy which publication in which area. The ABC gives all these vital facts every six months. The ABC figures are not the outcome of opinions, claims or guesswork, but they are the result of rigid, in-depth and impartial audits of paid circulations of member publications by independent and leading firms of Chartered Accountants working in accordance with the rules/procedures set by the Bureau. Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES PRIMARY OBJECTIVES †¢ To conduct a market study for Outlook Business Magazine in Delhi-NCR. †¢ To assess the Consumer perspective of Business Magazine with respect to price, content and brand. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES †¢ Competitive analysis of outlook Busines Magazine and identification of probable destinations where Outlook business magazines can be targeted. (Generation of sales). †¢ To suggest feasible and viable strategies to increase the sales of outlook business magazines. Chapter 4 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The projected was executed in such a way that it is complete to the maximum extent covering all the aspects and thus arriving at a suitable conclusion to meet the objective of the project. Few recommendations were also suggested to the company, which can help the organization to grow further and penetrate faster into the new market while retaining their share in business market space. RESEARCH PLAN The research was started with a well laid research plan and weekly schedule. The research plan included the following important stages. 1) Data Sources 2) Research Approaches 3) Research Instruments ) Sampling Design Data Sources Primary Research: most of the data in this project was through primary research conducted in with existing/ potential customers. It was done completely through personal interviews, using a prepared questionnaire as a guide line and the form was filled later after summarizing the collected information. Secondary Research: Latest information available on internet ab out media and entertainment industry and Business magazines was also used apart from the data got through primary research, so as to have a good study of the business magazine market in the Delhi-NCR region. Research Approaches Approaching Customers/Corporate Offices: †¢ Getting permission to meet concerned person in a corporate office would complete almost 50% of the job as it would give is the platform to know about their operations. Get the details of the persons as many as possible in the industry †¢ Spending maximum time in the field, so that to get information about the various print media media resources respondent is currently which helps us to find out their need so as to promote magazine according to their needs. t also helped me in finding a very strong probable cause due to which outlook magazines subscription customer retention is low distribution channel inefficiencies Also try to find out how the process of purchase takes place, which might be different for different departments. Closing the sale: †¢ This is very important for both the parties to build the relation and also for oneself as this give the motivation and adds more value to your work. †¢ To reach to this stage, one must be clear how much work need to be put in, which operates as a funnel like, if u want to reach or make x sales at least you need to meet 10x customers. The time in which this is to be achieve this should also be planned in the similar way. Research Instruments (Questionnaire Construction) The research instrument was both qualitative and quantitative and hence consisted of personal interviews, which were guided by self prepared Questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions. The questions were both open ended and closed ended. The closed ended questions were a diverse type consisting of single choices, multiple choices and likert scales. Sampling Design The industries to be visited were based on their type of industry like ship building industry, steel plants and any other major industries. The target population in the research conducted was major industries (both manufacturing and services), auto dealers and hand tool dealers. The sample size in case of hand tools analysis was 52, 38 being industries and 14 being auto dealers and services. The sample for studying the dealers was chosen to be minimum 20, which should have the mixture of both types of dealers like the ones who do counter sales and the ones who don’t deal in counter sales. The target market for the conducted research included industries, auto dealers and hand tool dealers. COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS Various Pie-charts and bar-graphs are made to have an easy and quick understanding of the study conducted. Initially all the questionnaires were analyzed individually, and then finally an overall comparison of the various responses from all the dealers was done and analyzed. FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, the various findings from the study were listed out along with certain invaluable recommendations for Outlook, to help them retain and tap the new market space. COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS Various Pie-charts and bar-graphs are made to have an easy and quick understanding of the study conducted. Initially all the questionnaires were analyzed individually, and then finally an overall comparison of the various responses from all the dealers was done and analyzed. FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, the various findings from the study were listed out along with certain invaluable recommendations for OutLook, to help them and tap the new customers and retain the existing one. SCOPE OF STUDY The study provided an insight into the Business magazine, expectations and attitude towards hand tools like spanners, pliers and screw drivers. And to find out what factors the customers seek in general, with regards hand tools . This study will help to find out the feedback of OutLook Business Magazine with regards to price, brand, quality, reliability, availability. Chapter 5 : DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis model is econometric model and was planned to be done with the statistical tool SPSS. The data was got mainly in the likert scale for this purpose. The various tools and functions available on Excel were used for necessary calculations. Bar graphs and pie charts were generated to make the interpretation of the results. SPSS software was used for the purpose of factor analysis. PLAN OF DATA ANALYSIS The data analysis done as in the plan given below 1. Filtering of the questionnaire were done 2. The questionnaires were sorted into the respective groups. 3. Coding of the questions were done 4. All the data was entered into different excel sheets 5. This data was copied to the SPSS tool all the variable were explained 6. The other questions related awareness, departments, ranking and current brand were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. 7. Results were tabulated and conclusion and recommendations were drawn. Chapter 6 : RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION Demographics of respondents |Gender | |[pic] |Male | | | | | 41 | | |79% | | | | | |Female | | | | | |10 | | |19% | | | | | |People may select more than one | | |checkbox, so percentages may add up| | |to more than 100%. | | |Age | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Occupation: | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Annual Income | |[pic] |Less than 3 lacs | | | | | |20 | | |38% | | | | | |3 5 lacs | | | | | |15 | | |29% | | | | | |5 -8 lacs | | | | | |9 | | |17% | | | | | |gt;8 lacs | | | | | 7 | | |13% | | | | | |People may select more than one checkbox, so | | |percentages may add up to more than 100%. | | | A good mix of different demographic segments is surveyed in order to maintain unbiased results for the survey. it is also necessa ry to achieve desired level of result accuracy with a given set of constraint(Time, small sample size, resource etc. ) | | | | |People awareness towards business magazine: | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | People may select more than one option, so percentages may add up to more than 100%. From the above bar graph it can be interpreted that in survey’s sample space awareness level of Business Today is highest (87%) recognised whereas Outlook Business comes at second place with comparable awareness level. Whereas Outlook Money and Outlook Profit stood at 4th and 5th position. This support companies speculation about the lower sales figure of Outlook Money and Outlook Profit due to lack of awareness among target audience. Brand Rating of various Magazine: [pic] Among the magazines that analysed in the survey, Businees World brand mean rating in case of brand is the highest which

Interactive Communication Skills Essay Example

Interactive Communication Skills Essay Example Interactive Communication Skills Essay Interactive Communication Skills Essay Youre supposed to tell people what to do. All too often, though, people in management positions forget to make expectations clear, so make sure your employees or supervises know exactly what you want from them on every project. Make Expectations Reasonable With budget cuts sweeping the nation, more and more people are shouldering extra responsibilities. From volunteers at non profits to high level employees at large corporations, were all working extra hard. In this climate, its important to keep seasonable expectations. Dont give people tasks that are doomed to failure. If your company or department is suffering from budget cuts or employee losses, productivity may dip, so its important not to blame employees for things theyre not responsible for. Correct Mistakes When someone makes a mistake, let them know. This gives them an opportunity to correct it rather than making the same mistake. Correcting mistakes does not mean youre being a bully. Rather, it means youre giving people a chance to succeed. Communicate When youre in a position of power that allows you to see the big picture, it can be say to forget that not everyone has the benefit of your birds eye view. Communicate frequently with people you supervise about future plans, projects, and goals. Make sure to communicate both the positive and negative. Too often, bosses get caught up in criticizing rather than praising, so avoid this common mistake. Treat Employees Like People You shouldnt be overly involved in your employees personal lives in most cases, but that doesnt mean its not a good idea to invest in them as people. Make small talk and convey a sense of genuine care for them as people. Remembering birthdays, offering condolences when someone dies, and creating a team environment can lead to a substantially better working environment. Criticize Constructively Criticism can be beneficial to a persons Job performance, but not if they feel like theyre being torn down as a human being. Rather than questioning a persons dedication or competence, give specific instructions about what they can do differently. Dont engage in blaming or name calling. Offer Praise Perhaps the most important thing a good boss does is to offer praise when someone does something right. Aim to praise everyone at least twice as often as you criticize them. Even employees who are slacking off or not performing well can benefit from regular praise. When people feel good about themselves they tend to do better. Accept Criticism Perhaps the most critical difference between good bosses and great ones is that great bosses are willing to accept constructive criticism. Ask your employees what you can do to be a better supervisor, and be willing to listen to their concerns. Dont Engage in Office Gossip Every office has its own politics, with in groups, out groups, and cliques. Dont get manage, will suffer. Treat each employee equally, and dont Judge performance based upon how much you or someone else likes a particular employee. Dont Be a Pushover Its true that some of the worst bosses are Just blatantly mean, but being a pushover can be equally problematic. If youre afraid of confrontation, your employees dont have a chance to get meaningful feedback and improve at their Jobs. Work to straddle the line between being a pushover and a bully, and instead be assertive but kind. Your employees will be grateful for your combination of assertiveness and friendliness. 0 QUALITIES A SUPERVISOR SHOULD HAVE The 10 main qualities required are: 1 . Great communication skills: As a supervisor one must communicate clearly and correctly to avoid misunderstandings and frustrations. When receiving information from a subordinate, she should be sure to receive it correctly There is no harm in asking again if necessary. 2. Adapt to the changes: World is changing at a fast pace. The efficient supervisors ought to keep up with it. Do not Just blindly follow the age old norms and rules. Think out of the box if required. Adjust to the needs of the organization. 3. Value the employees: The people are any supervisors real asset. They are ones running the business and the work. A good supervisor understands their worth and treats them accordingly. 4. A coacher/mentor: Share your experience. A good supervisor shares her wisdom, knowledge and experience with the employees. She helps them perform better. This also strengthens the bond and the trust between them. 5. Disciplined: If a supervisor is disciplined then only can she expect the people to be so. The boss is an example Come on time, meet the time- lines, set a behavioral code if necessary. 6. Feedback/incentives: Promotions, feedback, raises and accolades should be showered on the deserving people. 7. Be an example: Be hands on Do not Just always delegate. At times the boss should take on projects too. She may try picking up something less attractive or uninteresting and complete it wonderfully. This sets an example to all the team about taking up challenges and about how any work is important. . Be approachable: The employees should not hesitate in approaching the supervisor with their concerns and problems. An efficient supervisor will make sure that there is enough trust and openness teeny her and the employees for the latter to come to her with their grievances. 9. Be considerate: People are not Just employees. They have families, friends and a life beyond work. Unless there is som ething urgent, do not make them work beyond the usual hours. Let them have their weekends and vacations. Be practical when setting the time-lines. This all will in turn improve the efficiency and the productivity of the employees. 10. Positive attitude: Be polite. Wish employees good mornings and be generous in thanking them. Inquire after about their families off and on. 11. Criticize instructively: When mistakes happen a good supervisor tries and understands the reasons behind the mishap. She criticizes or assesses the employee in proportion to the mistake. And it is always better to not to scream or scold in front of the others. Give constructive feedback; show them the right way to do things. . Equally important is understanding and incorporating employee feedback. A good supervisor interacts effectively with her employees, maintaining open lines of communication to ensure she stays informed bout project progress and brewing problems. Empathy If you cant place yourself in your employees shoes, you cant lead them effectively. For example, a parent might not be able to work overtime, or an employee going through a hard time might need temporary special considerations. Be as accommodating as possible in the face of genuine need, and your employees will be loyal in return. Ability to Delegate A good supervisor excels in delegating tasks to those employees best-equipped to handle them. Proper delegation streamlines a project, ensuring efficiency and maximizing profitability. Poor delegation, on the other hand, compromises a project. For example, if you delegate a vital task to an inexperienced employee, the whole project can slow. Worse, you might have to backtrack to fix errors, an inefficient use of time and resources. Flexibility No single approach to management works in every situation. Rather, a good supervisor chooses tactics based on the situation. For example, as a deadline nears, you might adopt a hard-line approach to ensure the work gets done. But your employees cant operate at full-speed perpetually, so adopt a more relaxed approach during downtime between projects. This gives employees time to recover their strength. Confidence Your employees look to you for inspiration. If you seem wish-washy or fearful, theyll assume you dont know what youre doing. That insecurity will create a negative workplace atmosphere, stifling productivity. But if you display confidence and positivist, your employees will be secure in your skills as a leader. Humility While a confident and positive outlook is important, not every decision you make will work out well. When a project fails or a choice backfires, accept responsibility and learn from the mistake. Dont blame your employees for problems that resulted from your mistakes. (1) Tame yourself You have to begin by understanding your personality and taming it. If you are too quiet, you will need to work on becoming more outgoing and decisive. If you are too decisive, to the point where you scare people, you will need to work on toning yourself down. You want to become a thoughtful, considerate leader who knows where you are going and is able to communicate that properly to the team. (2) Have a goal If you dont know where you are going, you will never arrive, and no one will be able to follow you. Your goal can e as simple as providing every customer with the best service or no injuries, no deaths on the Job or make a profit. (3) Have a clear, simple message You must be able to convey your goal in a sound bite. People can understand and retain clear, simple messages. You have to be able to repeat the message at meetings, in newsletters and in general conversations. If your people know the message, they will be able to follow. (4) Look and act like a leader People have a much easier time following someone who looks as they should. Your cl othes should be clean and pressed. Your shoes should be polished. You should walk with confidence. (5) Be trustworthy People wont follow you if they dont trust you. You must be ethical and People dont trust people who say one thing at a meeting, and then say or do something different outside of the meeting. (6) Care about your people You cant supervise people if you dont like them. You shouldnt become best friends with your staff, but you should know them and know what their problems are. Because you care, you should attend their weddings, and the funerals of their close family members. Because you are their leader, you should not attend more personal unctions, such as their birthday parties. You need to keep yourself concerned with your staff, but not intimately involved with them. If you are really not a people person, consider another, non-managerial position in your organization. Ruth Hag (wry. Managerial. Com) is the President and CEO of Hag Environmental Company, a hazardous waste consulting firm. Ruth is also a business management consultant. She trains supervisors to identify their shortcomings and tame them, while creating management systems that focus on their employees rather than themselves. She is also the author of several books, including a four-book series on supervisory management which includes Taming Your Inner Supervisor, Day to Day Supervising, Hiring and Firing and Why Projects Fail. She and her partner, Bob Hag, host the weekly radio show Manage Living, which can be heard on-demand on her site. 5 most important skills to become an effective supervisor 1 . Delegation skills: This is one of the most important supervisory skills and requires logical rules and technique for proper assignment. Effective delegation saves time, develops people, motivates the team and increases the production. Poor delegation will result in frustration, De-motivation and creates confusion among the sub- ordinates. The delegated task must be specific, measurable, realistic, agreed, time bound, ethical and recorded. 2. Interpersonal Skills: Employers appreciate supervisors who get along with people at all levels and so they hire supervisors with good interpersonal skills like communication, problem solving skills and team building skills. Interpersonal skill helps to build a trust between you and the sub- ordinates and thus able to work harmoniously and efficiently. 3. Performance valuation skills: Evaluation of employee performance is one of the most challenging aspects of a supervisors Job. This evaluation improves employees Job satisfaction and morale by letting him/her know that the supervisor is interested in their Job progress and personal development. This serves as systematic guide in planning employees further training, assist in determining special talents, skills and capabilities. PEP also provides an opportunity for employees to discuss Job problems and interests. 4. Training Skills: It is a supervisors Job to identify and impart training to the employees on regular basis. It helps in increasing the Job knowledge and skills of the employees and thus expand the overall personality of the employee to achieve individual goal and organization goals. 5. Decision making skill: This is an important skill required for a supervisor in order to complete their Job responsibilities. Best way is to solve problems by selecting one course of action from several possible alternatives where the positive outcome can outweigh possible losses. Avoiding decision may be easier; however, making own decision and accepting the consequences is the best way to stay control of your time and success.

Genetically Modified Organisms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Organisms - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that genetic engineering of plants and animal usually involve the modification of genes and DNA of organisms so that they can have more desirable characteristics. The process usually involvesvarious stages. The genetic engineers usually get the desired genes from the genomes of the organisms that are supposed to act as donors. The desired genes are then introduced to the organism that is supposed to be genetically modified. Only the desired genes are always transferred to the genome of the organism that is supposed to undergo genetic modification. The resulting organism is usually very different from the original organisms. According to the discussion findings there are a number of foods that are available in the supermarkets that contain genetically modified organisms. These products include cheese, soya beans oil, corn syrup, bread, snacks, squash, papayas, sugar beet, sweet pepper, polish canola, and petunia. All these foods have been modified with the aim of making them more beneficial to the lives of human beings. There are high numbers of products that contain genetically modified organisms in the market and it would be hard for a person to completely ignore the consumption of such products. Safety of consumption of foods that contain genetically modified organism is something that has been debatable for a long time. Despite the fact that people have always been constantly assured of the safety of GMO products, the uncertainty of the safety of consumption of these products have never been eliminated.

The potential benefits for supply chain management by utilizing AHP Dissertation

The potential benefits for supply chain management by utilizing AHP for supplier selection - Dissertation Example 1993). Under such circumstances, the purchasing department plays an important role in cost reduction, of which supplier selection is an important part. To illustrate, an issue has been brought up in the case study. Leading companies need to maintain their position in market; however, cost of production constitutes the problem of company expanding or technology innovation. Supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem which includes both quantitative and qualitative factors. (Ghodsypour, S. H.,1996). The companies that still continue with the traditional method of supplier selection may lose competitiveness. Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Louis Knight, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. Without her enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, I could not have completed my thesis. I shall extend my thanks to Felix, Li for all his kindness and help. I would also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to Mary, Liu, for doing the English typographic and corrections. Dr. Louis Knight, Aston University, Engineering and Applied Science. L.KNIGHT2@aston.ac.uk Felix Li, University of Warwick, Statistics department. felixli@hotmail.ac.uk Mary Liu, Olympia Education Service LTD. lyqlyq1688@hotmail.com Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgement 4 Table of Figures 7 Photo credit: 7 List of Tables 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Background 3 Chapter 2:Literature review 4 2.1 Supplier selection in SCM 4 2.1.1 Benefits of supply chain management 4 2.1.2 Responsibilities of the purchasing department 5 2.1.3 Supplier selection: Criteria affect choosing suppliers in supply chain management 8 2.1.4 Supplier performance of Tsingtao Company 10 2.2 Analytical Hierarchal Process 11 2.2.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process - Concept 11 2.2.2 AHP in supplier selection 12 Chapter 3:Methodology 13 3.1 Research objective 13 3.2 Research design 13 3.3 Data collection 13 3.4 Research method 17 3.4.1 Case study (why & how) 17 3.4.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 19 Chapter 4:Findings 21 4.1Characteristics of purchasing supply chain in beer industry 21 4.2 Supplier selection using AHP analysis 27 4.2.1 Building the supplier evaluation criteria system 27 4.2.2 Building judgment matrix 27 4.2.3 Defining first-level criteria weights 28 1.Calculating maximum eigenvalue of the judging matrix 29 2.B is the judgment matrix B= (b) nn 29 3.Calculate consistency test 29 4.From the table of average and random consistency criteria, it can find the necessary average and random consistency criteria RI. 29 Chapter 5:Main Findings and discussion 33 5.1 Findings 33 5.2 Discussion 35 5.2.1 35 5.2.2 Sensitivity analysis 35 Chapter 6:Conclusion 36 36 Reference 37 Appendixes 42 Table of Figures Figure 1: Current method of supplier selection 15 Figure 2: Agenda of having suppliers 16 Figure 3: Definition of terms 16 Figure 4: Criteria for supplier elevation 27 Photo credit: Cover page: http://thenextwavefutures.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/shipping_containers.jpg List of Tables Table 1: Supplier evaluation

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of consciousness Essay Example for Free

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of consciousness Essay The term ‘hallucination’ is difficult to define. There is a fine line between a ‘hallucination’ and an ‘illusion’. A hallucination differs from an illusion in that illusions are a product of misinterpretations of external stimuli whereas hallucinations need no such requirement making them an entirely internal process. A true hallucination can also be distinguished from a pseudo-hallucination in which the individual can recognise that what they’re seeing or hearing is not real. Hallucinations are also different from voluntary mental imagery, in that the thought has not uncontrollably forced itself onto our minds. Slade and Bentall (1988, cited in Blackmore, 2010) provided a working definition of a hallucination: â€Å"Any percept-like experience which (a) occurs in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, (b) has the full force or impact of the corresponding actual (real) perception, and (c) is not amenable to direct and voluntary control by the experiencer.† Hallucinations are frequently associated with schizophrenia. In result, those who hallucinate hesitate to come forward due to fear of being labeled crazy. The Society for Psychical Research’s ‘Census of Hallucinations’ is one of the first attempts to study hallucinations in the general population. 1684 people from 17,000 said they had previously suffered from a hallucination. It was found that visual hallucinations were more common than auditory hallucinations, and hallucinations where generally more common in females, with the most common type being a vision of a person (Blackmore, 2010). One general model of hallucinations is the ‘neurophysiological dissociation’ theory proposed by Marrazzi (1962, as cited in Slade 1976). He found that LSD produced inhibition of the association areas without affecting the primary visual cortex. He proposed that hallucinogenic drugs have their effect by producing a functional dissociation between the receiving cortex and the association areas. This loss of control of the latter over the former is responsible for the hallucinatory experience. A similar theory to Marrazzi is the ‘perceptual release’ theory, which was first proposed by Hughlings Jackson who believed that hallucinations were a result of loss of control of one area of the brain over the rest. More generally, he argues  that memories and internally generated images are naturally inhibited by information from the senses, and so such information is released when the sensory input is disrupted. Such a process tends to happen to people who indulge in sensory deprivation tanks, or to blind or deaf people. West (1962, as cited in Slade 1976) further developed the perceptual release theory to account for a whole range of percept like experiences, including hallucinations. The central beliefs of West’s theory is first, percept-like experiences are based on neural traces, templates, or engrams which are the permanent record of memories in the brain, secondly these templates/engrams are woven into the basic material of fantasies, dreams and hallucinations, and lastly, this reorganised experience is prevented from emerging into consciousness by the presence of external sensory input. The release of the reorganised experience can occur when there is sufficient arousal to permit awareness, combined with impairment of a sensory input. The perceptual release theory differs from Marrazzi’s theory in two main ways. Firstly, perceptual release theory, in placing arousal level as a central concept, assumes that subcortical structures play an important role, whereas Marrazzi’s t heory limits the area of dysfunction to structures within the cortex itself. Secondly, the perceptual release theory emphasises the disequilibrium between external sensory input and internal input from within, whereas Marrazzi does not (Slade, 1976). The perceptual release theory places strong emphasis on external sensory input, which has been supported through research demonstrating that interruption of the senses induces hallucinatory experiences. The best way to induce hallucinations, or where they occur the most, is through sensory deprivation. Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a common condition among people who have lost their sight in which they suffer visual hallucinations. Many studies have looked at the syndrome in order to provide a better understanding of visual hallucinations. One study exhibited a 64-year-old blind woman suffering from complex visual hallucinations (McNamara, Heros, Boller, 1982). It was found that neurosurgical removal of a large suprasellar meningioma helped remove her hallucinatory experiences. Such a case study provides evidence that hallucinations are related to both a  sensory deprivation and an impairment in CNS functioning. Another study claimed that, through looking at patients suffering f rom CBS, the hallucinations were due to an interruption in the visual association areas of the cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that hallucinatory experiences could terminate on improving visual function or addressing social isolation (Menon, Rahman, Menon, Dutton, 2003). Deprivation of hearing can also induce hallucinations. Sometimes the deaf hear hallucinated sounds – they may even hear whole orchestras playing. Various case studies have demonstrated such a claim. Miller and Crosby (1979) found an 89-year-old woman experiencing the onset of musical hallucinations with longstanding progressive hearing loss. These hallucinations were well-formed perceptions of religious hymns and were nearly constant. Another study of a 52-year-old man proposed that the cause of musical hallucinations where due to progressive hearing loss and a result of sensory deprivation (Raghuram, Keshacan, Channabsavanna, 1980). Berrios (1990), through looking at a sample of 46 subjects experiencing musical hallucination, concluded that musical hallucinations were more common in females, and age and deafness seemed to play an important role in their development. Studies looking at CBS or hearing loss are consistent with the claim that hallucinations can occur as a result of an interruption in sensory input. However, studies have also addressed possible consistencies between hallucinations. There is no limit to the variety of hallucinations, although some common features have been identified suggesting a consistency that reflects underlying sensory processes. Such common features include spirals, concentric patterns, wavy lines, and bright colours. These similarities were investigated through studying the effects of mescaline, a hallucinogenic drug (Kluver 1926, as cited in Blackmore, 2010). It was found that brightly coloured images occurred, with a tendency to take on four forms. The first was gratings and lattices, the second was tunnels, funnels and cones, the third was spirals, and the fourth was cobwebs. These forms seem to be evident in hallucinations caused by drugs, fever, and more. The reason for such consistency lies within the map ping between patterns of the retina and  the columnar organisation of the primary visual cortex. Concentric circles from the retina are mapped into parallel lines in the visual cortex, with spirals, tunnels, lattices and cobwebs mapping onto lines in different directions. Inhibition is the cause of lines of activation in the visual cortex, and hallucinogenic drugs, lack of oxygen, certain diseases all affect inhibitory cells causing an excess of activity that can spread. In result, such consistent hallucinations occur similar to that of the four forms (Blackmore, 2010). However, there are also complex visual hallucinations in which the individual suffering from CBS/schizophrenia could see more concrete images such as monsters. In conclusion, research into hallucinations has provided a better understanding of the nature of conscious perception. Hallucinations have provided an interesting test case for theories on the mechanisms of conscious perception. In result the conscious experience without a stimulus provides a very useful case for consciousness research. Studying hallucinations is therefore extremely beneficial, as it has helped provide a window into imagery, imagination, and mental representation. References Berrios, G.E. (1990) Musical hallucinations, A historical and clinical study. BJP, 156, 188-194 Blackmore, S. (2010). Consciousness. An Introduction (2nd edition). Hodder Arnold. Hammeke, T.A. McQuillen, M.P. Cohen, B.A. (1983) Musical Hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 46, 570-572 McNamara, M.E. Heros, R.C. Boller, F. (1982) Visual hallucinations in blindness: The Charles bonnet syndrome. International Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 13-15 Menon, G.J. Rahman, I. Menon, S.J. Dutton, G.N. (2003) Complex Visual Hallucinations in the Visually Impaired: The Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Survey of Ophthalmology, 48, 58-72 Miller, T.C. Crosby, T.W. (1979) Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly patient. Annals of Neurology, 5, 301-302 Raghuram, R. Keshavan, M.D. Channabasavanna, S.M. (1980). Musical Hallucinations in a deaf middle-aged patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 357. Santhouse, A.M. Howard, R.J. Ffytche, D.H. (2000). Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the visual brain. Brain, 123, 2055-2064 Slade, P. (1976) Hallucinations. Psychological Medicine, 6, 7-13