Democracy and the news Essay Example for Free

Democracy and the news EssayThis study will look at the different ship female genitaliaal the media reflects and affects society by examining the various relationships that exists between the media, the secernate and the citizens. It will firstly define key terms, allowing for controversial words to claim a specific and continue definition throughout the paper. Three key ideas, centering around the relationships between the media and the state, will do work up the major part of this paper namely how the media affects the state, how the state affects the media and failed attempts by the media to affect the state. Examples of each concept being discussed will be included, showing the notion in practice. Relationships between the media and citizens will also be examined and discussed, once again utilise specimens to show each in action. The relationship between the media and citizens will be discussed, examining the ability of the media to influence the public, the publics ability to influence the media and failed attempts of the media to influence the public. The conclusion of this paper will detail the role of the media within society, how it operates and different functions it both performs, and attempts to perform.The media is a constantly changing medium. It includes television, newspapers, magazines, journals, radio, cinema, advertisements, and interactive multi-media. It can also include the Internet, video games, supple phones and computers ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 ). No undisputable definition of the term media exists, however, for the purpose of this paper the following definition given by OShaughnessy and Stadler ( 2002 ), will be understood as conclusive.The media be technologically developed and economically profitableforms of human communication, held either in public or private ownership,which can transmit information and entertainment crossways time and space tolarge groups of people ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 Pg 4 ).A dem ocracy is the notion that power and authority is vested in the people, ( Singleton et al, 2000 Pg 4 ). In Australia, citizens vote for representatives that make up the parliament, and the party holding the majority form Government. Government operates at three levels Commonwealth, state and local. Parliamentary members be held accountable and responsible for their actions, and numerous institutions designed to check and balance power exists to ensure this occurs.Citizen is defined in The Macquarie Dictionary ( 1994 ) as being a member, native or naturalized, of a state or nation, ( Pg 187 ) and will adopt this definition throughout this paper.The print and electronic medias ability to broadcast information both chop-chop and widely across society allows the media to successfully enact the role of public watchdog ( Wheeler, 1997 Pg 238 ). The media feeds citizens information. The public is informed of what occurs around them and abroad, who their politicians are, how they look and sound and weighty issues being suggested, debated and implemented within government. Politician diarist relationships are inherently collusive. Each needs the other to achieve their objectives ( Franklin 1998 ). Politicians require the services of journalists for their messages to reach the general public and journalists need politicians in order to rachis politics ( Ward 2002 ). The relationship between the state and the mass media can quickly become vulnerable. The media holds a particular power, which can see it become an docket setter for society.Not only politicians realise the importance of the media as a platform from which to speak. Pressure groups seek out the media in order to publicize their objectives. Those that successfully use the media acquire a community status, which has the potential to morph into a policy-making status, from which opposition to political ideals, occurrences or similar can be passed on to citizens. Examples of such groups include Frien ds of the Earth, Greenpeace and Amnesty. These groups can become oppositional spokesmen to government policy, sources of information and social commentators on legislation or policy ( Negrine, 1989 Pg 163 ). The media uses these groups as an officialauthority, as they are recognized and respected organisations within the greater community, a status gained through use of the media itself.Examples exist where journalists can be seen as propaganda agents for politicians. The term manufacturing consent is describe by Robinson ( 2002 ) as the power of the government to set the news media agendums, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 12 ). Entman ( 1991 ), examines an example of this with cardinal incidents from the 1980s. The medias contradictory handling of two send outcraft sends, the Korean Airline and Iran Air, disrespect case similarities, proved the presence of political persuasiveness.Both resulted in a large loss of civilian life, and both were the result of military mistakes. The Ira n Air shoot-down for which the US was answerable, was described in terms of a technical failure, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 13 ). The Korean Airline shoot-down, effected by the USSR, was framed as a clean outrage, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 13 ). The US media covered these two incidents as instructed to by US administrations and, says Entman ( 1991 ), chose to neither challenge nor criticize the facts presented to them by the state ( Robinson, 2002 ).The combination of Western governments interfere during humanitarian crises, and the considerable media attention given to dire circumstances abroad, saw the relationship between the media and the state linked as contributing factors, namely with the media encourage the state to intervene ( Robinson, 2002 ). This trend became known as the CNN effect ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 1 ). Media coverage was proclaimed to influence policy-makers, resulting as either a necessary or sufficient factor in producing a particular outcome, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 37 ). The CNN effect ( Robinson, 2002 ) adheres to the fact that definitive policy decisions lie with the policy makers, but media coverage can encourage policy makers to see that a decision is attained ( Robinson, 2002 ).An example of media coverage contributing to humanitarian intervention is that which became known as Operation debate Force , an action led progressively by the US into Bosnia between 1992 and 1995. The war in Bosnia was the biggest conflict resulting from the dissolution of the FederalRepublic of Yugoslavia ( FRY ). Bosnia broke away from the undermined FRY and fighting began in 1991 between Bosnian government forces on one hand, and Bosnian Serb nationalists and Yugoslav army on the other. The latter two intent on creating ethnically pure regions in Bosnia ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 73 ). Pressure mounted in the US for intervention and as the war continued, US pastime increased, culminating in 1995 when the US became directly involved with the Bosnia war. This occu rred after the 1994 Sarajevo market place bombing.The media expelled a do something ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 82 ) attitude and it came at a time when US policy-makers were unsure of just how much force they should exude. Holbrooke ( 1999 ) believes a CNN effect ultimately persuaded the US to act. The eventual response that came from the US was a threatened use of huge force, should the Serb nationalists fail to cease actions against civilians. The reason the West finally, belatedly intervened was heavily related to news media coverage, ( Holbrooke, 1999 Pg 20 ). Media influence, however, cannot entirely be held responsible for the US intervention. Avoidance of a humiliating UN withdrawal, along with the credibility and competence of the US can also be considered contributing factors. ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 85 )The media can also attempt to set an agenda and fail. When politicians are certain of their policy, media coverage can have virtually no influence in encouraging a policy change ( Robinson, 2002 ). The war in Kosovo, also a result of the FRY dissolution, proved an area of much controversy between US administrations and the media. Albanian Kosovars, disheartened with a lack of internationalistic support, supported a Kosovo Liberation Army ( KLA ). KLA attacks on Serb forces were answered with considerable force, which included civilian targets ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 94 ). Two contingency plans were decided upon the deployment of ground troops, and the use of air strikes, and were to go ahead should Serb forces continue attacks against Albanian civilians. US air strikes prevailed, but appeared to have little affect on the Serbian military.The US media became critical of the actions undertaken, and it became move in that the general community consensus lent toward a group campaign into Kosovo. It was concluded by Robinson, ( 2002 ) that although a large section of media coverage in the US encourage the deployment of ground troops, it added little pressure on t he government todo so ( Robinson, 2002 ). Not all media outlets chose to criticize the policy-makers however, and a minority were seen supporting air attacks, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 109 ). This example shows that although a CNN effect was clearly present, it failed in its attempt to influence policy change.Two theories suggest ways of understanding the relationship between the media and society. Firstly, it is suggested the media reflect the realities, values, and norms of a society. The media act as a mirror of society ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 Pg 28 ). Secondly, it can be said that the media affect how people telephone, believe, and behave. The media construct our values for us and have a direct effect on our actions ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 ). Both theories will be discussed.The media role includes both identifying issues of public concern, as well as acting as check on the abuse of power, this generally being political power.Journalists describe society to itself. The y seek truth. They conveyinformation, ideas and opinions They search, disclose, record,question, entertain, suggest and remember. They inform citizens andanimate democracy ( White, 1996 Pg 288 ).It is important to note that journalists, similarly to politicians, are held accountable for what they report. Accountability engenders trust, ( White, 1996 Pg 288 ). Journalists in Australia are answerable to a self-regulatory and industry funded board known as the Media, Entertainment and liberal arts Alliance.The media often influences and reflects the priorities of communities or societies.The media is reliant on advertisements for revenue. In order to attract businesses to advertise, the outlet must attract consumers. This sees mediaoutlets selling the news, opinions and human-interest pieces that appeal to the values, opinions and sense of the greater market, namely, the readers and viewers.Increasingly, it is unthinkable to discuss the media without broaching the subject of public relations. Public relations professionals are almost apt at using the media to suit their needs. They create the stories and feed the media with them, highlighting those facts they coveting known, and keeping the undesirable ones hidden. If a cause requires the attention of the general public, it is possible to entice the media to cover it by creating newsworthy conditions. Politicians employ public relations professionals, who are often professional journalists, to liaise with the media.Obligations of the media to the citizen are to represent, interpret and evaluate ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 ). The majority of citizens receive their knowledge of global issues through media outlets. The media explains these occurrences to the general public, giving them an understanding of what they whitethorn not otherwise know. The media can be seen as an educational tool, giving understanding of the norms, values and realities of society to citizens ( OShaughnessy Stadler, 2002 ). The real power of the media lies in its ability to agenda set ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). The media whitethorn not be able to tell people what to think but .. they are remarkably successful in telling audiences what issues to think about, ( Cohen, 1963 Pg 13 ). The media can act as societys definer, giving meaning and understanding to situations and occurrences.Although the definitions and explanations may not necessarily reflect the attitudes of the subject experts , the power of the media can quickly see misinformation become the general consensus. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks, the term terrorism has been misinterpreted within the media, and used to describe what academics in the field would not label as terrorism. Debate is strong regarding the issues of media censorship, with allegations, arising more than and more frequently, regarding violent, sexually explicit and disturbing films, comics, song lyrics, Internet sites and books. Misdemeanor behaviour is often said to ha ve been motivate and inspired by such mediums.In Australias republic referendum held in 1999, 18 of Australias 20 daily newspapers supported a Yes vote, ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). Despite this, the majority of Australians voted against Australia becoming a republic. Media scholars are aware that media campaigns will not alter political views of those with existing political opinion and loyalties. An increasing minority however, are influenced by media propaganda and media content may prove valuable during elections in the more marginal seats ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). The example of the republic referendum could be seen as an attempted, and ultimately failed, use of the CNN effect on society._________________________________________________The higher up discussion is in reference to situations within western democracies. Other political systems, including dictatorships and less democratic regimes, eg. Zwimbabe, USSR, and China use the media differently, tending to control opinion and pol itical views, and thereby dictating public viewpoints. Prior to the recent elections in Russia, many of the non-government television stations were taken over or shut down, and had to change their influence and affiliations in front being allowed to broadcast again. This saw the public denied access to media that presents a point of view different to that which the government wants citizens to have. Hitler shut down all newspapers during his leadership and produced his own, prophesy his messages to the masses, this undoubtedly contributing to the large number of Germans that became Nazis.Media ownership is an essential element in this debate, and it is vital to recognize the regulations regarding media ownership in Australia. The federal government of 1986 desire to ensure that media ownership remained as diverse as possible. A person owning a television license cannot at the same time own more than 15 per cent of a newspaper published in the same city ( Singleton et al, 2000 P g 308 ). 1992, however, saw legislation altered to allow more than 15 per ownership, provided the owner is deemed not to be in control ( Singleton et al, 2000 Pg 308 ). In a democratic society it is always possible for the alternative point of view to be presented, and for the most part, all sides of debates are considered.The media affects and reflects. It can act as an agent of propaganda and it can set the agenda. It can influence, or be influenced. The media, the state and the citizens are interdependent, each needing and using the other to inform and be informed. Western democracies will continue to see a balance within the media and the information it contains, as media ownership laws ensure the media clay democratic.BIBLIOGRAPHYCohen, B. 1963. The Press and Foreign Policy. New Jersey Princeton University Press.Entman, R. 1991. Framing US Coverage of International News Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents . Journal of Communication 41(4)6 27.Holbrooke , R. 1999. No Media No War. Index on Censorship, 28(3) 20-1.Negrine, Ralph. 1989. Politics and the Mass Media in Britain. London Routledge.OShaughnessy, Michael Stadler, Jane. 2002. Media and Society, An Introduction. 2nd Edition. Victoria Oxford University Press.Robinson, Piers. 2002. The CNN Effect The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention. London Routledge.Singleton, Aitkin, hijinks Warhurst. 2000. Australian Political Institutions. 6th Edition. Malaysia Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited / Longman.Ward, Ian. 2002. Media Power. Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia. Summers, John ( Ed ). NSW Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited / Longman.Wheeler, Mark. 1997. Politics and the Mass Media. Oxford BlackwellPublishers Ltd.White, Sally. 1996. coverage in Australia. 2nd Edition. South Yarra MacMillan Publishers Australia Pty Limited.

Football as a desirable life Essay Example for Free

Foot b altogether as a desirable life EssayWhy do children postulate to be a football game shammer? Why also their parents encourage them to be a football bleeder? Because it has satisfaying reasons for people whose life involves football and it is easy to play with just one ball in an open area. Also children playing football brush aside be chosen easily by the professionals in their early life. Therfore, the gates of the world which they founder dreamed open. So, playing in a football team has two benefits about faker character and opportunities. To begin with, playing in a football team improves and molds the players character.Playing in a football team builds self-confidence and betters it. Players usually set goals for themselves when they have begun to football. They believe in themselves and want to show their success to their family and friends. So, they start to work hard to reach those goals. When they achieve their goals with peoples testimony, they obtain unbr eakable self-confidence. Children who began to football in their childhood puzzle up faster than the children who did non thanks to strong self-confidence. Football not only affects players in their childhood, it also affects them in their latter life when they win.Because football teams struggle in a football leauge in their own country. They are playig to be best in the leauge. So they have to believe in themselves and play well. When they became lead of the leauge it means that they are the best team of the country therefore, their self-confidence increases. Football also makes players take responsiblities and risks for themselves and for the team. For example a goal-keeper has a lot of responsibilities and pressure on his shoulder. Also separate players feel the same thing but not as the same as the goal-keeper.Players have to play well enough and do their job well but no one win everytime. Players must be prepared for both success and failure therefore players have to be m entally ready. So football is benefical for players and it learns to players being a team. People playing football are not selfish because it is a team game and it is all about the team spirit which is one of the benefits of the playing in a football team. An new(prenominal) satisfying benefit of playing in a football team is that it can make life beter and players may have chance many opportunities.It make easy to go abroad. Because of the games which are hold in the other countries, players can go those countries with the team so easily. Then they can meet new people from other countries as well. Also they can meet the other famous and legendary players also other people which they love such as writers, actors thanks to their opportunities as those people also love football. Players also can visit the historical and natural places which are in all around world. There are some parts of places that ordinary people can not access but players may access those parts easily.The most imp ortant benefit fot lots of player it has a well-paid salary. Players insured by their team since they begun to play football on professional team. If they have some health issues whether they are serious or not insurance agency pays their cst maket he treatment on the best conditions. Players also can insure their whole family thanks to their salary. Playing in the football team can also help the player in te educational area. Some universities give scholarships to football players. They can play on their team and they can be educated by the good universities in their school life.To sum up, it is an undeniable fact that lots of people have wanted to be a football player because of its benefits which are about players charecter and opportunities of playing football. Some people attracted by the benefits of the football reach their dreams and live the life which they have always wanted to live, but the others watch them unremarkable and they feel sorry about that why they are not a f ootball player. In short playing football is important in terms of many benefical aspects. That is why people want to be a football player.

The influence of politics on economics

The influence of politics on economic science semipolitical preservation is a term that preceded that science that we fondly appoint Economics. The term, as its note implied, originated beca expenditure of the belief that the economy and politics could not be separated from each other. As time went by, it was evident that the two sciences were separated economics and politics both were sciences in their own rights.In the recent past, there have been increases in the interrogation of the influence of politics on economics. Such research though old, appears to be ageless as the findings are quite applicable to modern age as much as to the earlier era. The difference in the modern findings lies mainly with the methods employed, and many critics have viewed the issuecome as being too wide as researchers try to embrace a large summate of variables that may have changeed the final conclusions one way or another.The fact that politics has a great influence on economics loafer be demonstrated by the example of inflation. If there is inflation in a country, then one of the procedures that could be used is cutting the budget shortage of a country. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)1has recognised that pure economics alone is unable to explain labyrinthian phenomena such as contrasting degrees of economic development, quality and types of economic policies, income distri scarcelyion, and quality of government organization such as corruption, protection of property right, among other things. professor Alesina believed that political institutions are master(prenominal) determinants of economic outcomes. In turn, the state of the economy affects political outcomes, both in the long mellow and in the short. Economic development affects the evolution of institutions and short run economic conditions affect political change and elections. This then explicitly implies that there is an intrinsic interrelation between politics and the economy.Dr.David Caploe, Chief political Economist of EconomyWatch.com2 renowned that the renowned English Theorist and historian E.H. Carr described semipolitical Economy as two things that are similar but not identical. He tonic that when talking about political economy we talk about two things that are very different but moldiness always be examined together. government activity and Economics are intrinsically and inextricably linked, and one connot be studied or talked about without studying or talking about the other. Political Economy according to Alonzo Potter3teaches one how to increase production by teaching us to distinguish between true and false economy. Since, he explained, that there was a time that theorists thought that in order to increase wealthiness individuals must hoard their property. Today we understand that in order to maximize wealth we must keep it working for us even so, the idea of productive and unproductive expenditure is still not totally clear to many practicing economists. William Stanley Jevons4view of Political Economy is that of a science that looks at the wealth of nations it looks at the causes that make one nation more prosperous than another. It has as its main goal the information of society in order that poor people should be as few as possible and everybody should be well compensated for work done. Professor Jevons went on come along to show the difference between Political Science and the other sciences. This he believes is because the science treats wealth itself, how it treats wealth itself, what is the best way to read it and how to take advantage of the other sciences to get it. The main adversaries of Political Economy are those people who think that one should not concentrate on wealth alone but focus on greater thing such as virtue, generousity, and affection. Professor Jevons notably explains that most of the poverty and crimes committed have been all directly or indirectly caused by mistaken charity in the past whi ch has unwittingly caused a large cross section of people to provoke up careless, im offernt and idle. Therefore, instead of giving out alms we should educate people, in order that they earn their own living and have a economy as well.The main focus of political economists was that of finding out or at least foreseeing with some level of certainty what contributed to the wealth of individuals that could be extended to societies and could further even be extended to countries. That labour and economy made up the wealth of economies was not easily seen by great thinkers such as whirl Smith and others before his era.John Stuart Mill in his discourse regarded Mr David Ricardo5as one of the few thinkers who had seen the true nature of the wealth creation by nations by agency of application of scientific methods. He showed that Mr Ricardo demonstrated that a country which produced a commodity at a high cost would benefit by importing such a commodity from another country which produced the same item at a lower cost, while at the same time, the reason country could export another commodity to the reciprocating country at a lower cost than the other country could product it. Mr Mill agreed that this was fundamentally the true nature of wealth creation for nations. He lamented the fact that previous economists and some even at his time looked at wealth creation entirely as the disposal of surplus goods by a country.The salient point though, was the fact that Mr. Ricardo clearly pointed out in his work The Principles of Political Economy and receipts the exact science that measured the amounts and concepts to arrive at those amounts, as compared to the inexact and highly unscientific if not totally false ways in which theorists move to show the advantages of trade. Mr Ricardo proposed that it is not the difference in the absolute cost of production that drives the interchange of goods between countries but the difference in comparative costs.POLITICAL economic expert HISTORICAL VIEWSBefore the new theorists voiced their opinions on the causes of national wealth, the general concencus held by the society was one that modern economist hold now to be totally erroneous. The view held of the influence of enjoyment, is one such view that heads the table. These theorist and practical thinkers believed that in increasing consumption the wealth of nations inevitably increased as well. Most countries looked to encourage fast consumption, vast demands and rapid circulation.It became ever so clearer to the new political thinkers that consumers were always available. The governments of the day encouraged consumption, hence they frowned on saving and unproductive consumption was promoted. The national wealth was diminished by the very means by which it was expected to increase.Mill6and others came to realise that the focus on consumption was unwarranted. What the national economies needed was a boost in production at all level, since consumption neede d no encouragement.The prevelance of erroneous concepts that were accepted by a great portion of society was borne out of the appearance of some semblance of evidence. When this evidence was tested and found to be wanted it is the duty of the researchers to find out what exactly does it prove.THE SCIENCE THAT IS POLITICAL ECONOMYJohn Stuart Mill used the analogy of building housing to explain the origin of the political economists science. He explained that the scene up of walls around a city usually follows the erection of building and not the other way around that of walls first, then buildings. The definition of the science of Political Economy, and by extension most sciences, nearly always not preceeded but followed the creation of the science itself. Everything from the foundation was done in a less taxonomic way. Man by nature was a learning creature and as bits and pieces came to the forefront they were added to give structure to poorly defined models.When atempting to give a broad defininition of what science is, Dugald Stewart, according to Mr. Mill, stated that the first principles of all science belonged to the valet mind. In other words, the foundational principles were shrouded in cloudiness and unclear definitions, as contrasted with the final conclusions and inference of theories.In looking at the contrasting nature between an art and a science Mill noted that while science deals with facts, art is base on precepts science is a collections of truths, art constitutes a body of rules of conduct. Science recognises a phenomenon and tries to discover its law art proposes an end in itself, and looks for means to affect it. Rules to make a nation rich are not a science, but they are derived from science. Vilfredo Pareto7stated that economic science would not hesitate to use philosophy, physiology or even mathematics, whereas art would hesitate before using them since they may confuse the audience that they attempt to persuade.Most moral science ac cepts and uses physical science, but physical science uses moral science for support. Political Economy on the other hand, uses both sciences to build its concepts. It continues where physical science leaves moral science which embraces complex phenomena. To illustrate this further, we see that which produces wealth are both the subject of Political Economy and physical sciences, as well as various laws that govern human behaviour belonging to that of moral sciences.Political Economics is based on the foundations of all physical sciences it also asks what phenomena of mind and human behaviour are obscure in the production and distribution of wealth, all in concordance with the physical sciences.In his writings on Political Economy, J.C.L. Simonde de Sismondi noted that political economy was the name given to the science of government. The object of government is that of bringing about the ultimate happiness of men. Man by nature is a complex being, so that both moral and physical n ature has to be satisfied before he could be totally satisfied. He saw the physical well-being of man as the object of political economy, and all the physical wants of man could be abtained by accumulation of wealth. The main duty of government was that of providing for its citizenry, and to discourage the repopulation of the state faster than it could provide the means of sustaining it. He added though, that wealth and population are not the only true indicators of prosperity of a state since they are only so in relation to each other. However, he believed that wealth is a blessing when it is evenly distributed population an advantage when every man is sure of gaining an honest subsistence by his labour. still a country may be wretched, though some individuals in it are amassing colossal fortunes and if its population, like that of China and India, are always superior to their means of subsistence.These writings were made in the nineteenth century so it is not surprising that many of the strategies hence the fortunes of some of these nations would have changed.CONCLUSIONBecause of the application of Political Economy, many of the great economists knew like Mr. William Stanley Jevons that wealth could be increased by the nations that could produce it more easily and plentifully and each trade, town, nation must submit what it can yield most cheaply, and other goods can be bought from the places where they can be raised more easily.Economists of today use the world as their observational field and while social scientists have the luxury of correcting errors in labotaries economists whose predictions goes array would find themselves criticized or even ostracized by their colleagues, since inaccurate analyses can break nations.

The Origin Of Art Deco Cultural Studies Essay

The Origin Of imposture Deco Cultural Studies Essay maneuver Deco, one of the most influential ruse transactions in the art history which was influenced by various cultures and art movements of past and stick in, life room and family of the period between two life changing world wars, was diverse in design and glamorous and luxurious in style. Key influences include many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) styles of art and design including the high-style French crafts, different cultures of the far distant past and contemporary avant-grade art. It has reflected these inspirations intellectu tout ensembley and stylishly on its wonderful designs from finest French cheat Deco furniture to jackpot catchd redbrick household consumer goods. It was not just a style which reflected travel and adventure, leisure and entertainment, yet a taste that was highly enjoyed by both high-society elite and common man with recent spirit afterward the Second World War. It had handwritinged refin e its concepts of design and visuals of both traditional and modern style to younger art movements as fountainhead as its vibrant, bold, and glamorous style becoming an influence to many contemporary designs. finesse Decos characteristics cannot be defined easily as the condition nontextual matter Deco includes a confection of styles ranging from ancient arts and traditional French ornamental Arts to muckle produced Avant-grade Modernism. Benton(2003) has found that Richard Guy Wilson said in Defining Art Deco, Art Deco Society of New York News thatIf we can use the term Art Deco not to designate a specific style, that rather that it is inclusive and connotes the tremendous fertility of ideas, culture and design beginning in the advance(prenominal) twentieth ampere-second and reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s we will better serve our own purpose. (Benton, 2003, p16)Thus according to C. Benton (2003), Art Deco can be described as the body of artefacts including works ins pired by, but not copied from, historic and traditional high styles, works inspired by various cultures of past and those inspired by contemporary avant-grade art. All these influences and inspirations which helped to become what Art Deco is started at the first major appearance of Art Deco at the 1925 genus Paris Worlds Fair the Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes, where the term Art Deco derived from.ORIGIN OF graphics DECOParis was the cultural centre of the Western world, as rise up as home of many famous artists and designers. However, after the runner World War when the United States hosted several art expositions and it seemed likely to have the leadership utilisation in indispensable areas of art as it had less damage physically and economically, French was determined to retain her leadership in this area. Hence according to Chandler(2000), with the product of peace and prosperity, French once again hosted an international exposition to reassert her power as the ruler of taste and style. The Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes was set to show the world that French taste would lead the way again and to define the elements of the reinvigorated style which would soon be known as Art Deco. The exposition exhibited works of artists and designers from various countries where the early French Art Decos influences came from. Chandler(2000) has found that the exposition was supposed to bring together the nations of the world and to show some(a) sense of a machinateing common aesthetic among the practitioners of ornamental arts and architecture. In fact countless talents from many countries had shown what could be done without turning top to the tradition in art and culture. The exposition was a success and the Art Deco style was born out of it. tho, since the exhibition, Art Deco expanded from Paris to other countries all over the world and although Americans did not participate at the exposition, the influence of this style had sprung across the country for the next two decades.The style developed mainly in France where it showed its emotional stylish playfulness. At the same time the rays of Art Deco touched upon the modern western architecture, decoration, design, and fine arts around the world, and even non-French Art Deco someway relates to the early Parisian Art Deco designs. French-inspired ornamentations were used on American buildings continuously until the 1940s. Duncan(1999) said that the early French Art Deco style had in its moment of reputation provided America with the legacy of rich architectural ornamentation. It is found that many international artists and designers adopted or altered the design elements of high-style French Art Deco on their by and by modernized Art Deco.the furniture of the German Bruno Paul or the je riseery of the American firm Black, Starr Frostmany other designers throughout Europe and the United States paid undeve loped homage to the French style, among them the creators of the spectacular American and English motion picture palaces, the Russian-born Serge Chermayeff and the British Clarice Cliff with her jazzy, satinyly hued pottery (P.Bayer, 2000, p 10).EXTENSION OF STYLE ART NOUVEAUHowever, one could say that the beginning of the style Art Deco showed an early presence since before the 1925 Exposition, as early as the last years of ninetieth century when Art Nouveau gained its appreciation. The 1900 Exposition Universelle which was held in Paris, was one of the most successful and ambitious exhibitions in the history of Paris. Works of twenty four participating nations and their numerous colonies including European, American, African and Asian countries were exhibited. Hence there were varieties of fine arts, je riseery designs, ceramics and pottery, furniture and all sorts of craftsmanship which had inspired the Art Nouveau designers and some young designers who would later introduce the style Art Deco to the world. Two years later Art Nouveau became the most fashionable and sought after design style of the early twentieth century, and many designers became to develop interesting, variations and historical themes into their work. However, the style began to decline afterwards because of the First World War and the rise of industrialization.After World War I, because of the result of the dramatic changes in social, ad hominem and economical matters, expensive highly stylised and hand crafted Art Nouveau lost its favour and was replaced by immature design concepts of plug produced contemporaneousness. The decorative aspects of the style became accessorial and many European designers followed mass production and numberalism of German Bauhaus movement. Art Nouveau style was utilise to low quality uninteresting products for commercial gain. On the other hand younger avant-grade designers began to experiment the modern design concepts by combining them with their predecessors fine craftsmanship to produce a design style that has both intellect of modernism and visual of the traditional styles. The cluttered floral designs, pastel colours and the overly decorative patterns and curls of Art Nouveau were stripped down to angular geometric shapes, clear bright and bold colours, uncluttered clean shapes and refined detailing of the new style Art Deco.Art Deco designers placid kept their predecessors stylised designs and superb craftsmanship and adapted them in many of high-style Art Deco. Hence Art Nouveau style didnt come to an abrupt end but continued as Art Deco for several more years until it was replaced by mass produced modernist Art Deco designs.Art Deco is not the opposite of Art Nouveau it is in many aspects an extension of it, particularly in its preoccupation with bounteous ornamentation, fine materials and superlative craftsmanship. (Duncan, 2000, p6)Art Nouveau style mainly influenced the French Art Deco designers such as Jacques- Emile Ruhlmann who was famous for his French style Art Deco furniture designs. Moreover the influence of Art Nouveau can be seen in many of French Art Deco pochoir illustrations which adapted the elements of floral, stylised Art Nouveau with the combination of bold colours, and witch of Art Decos characteristics.INFLUENCES OF THE ANCIENT ARTAs Art Deco was already gradually forming since the 1900 exhibition, the inspiration of the style is very diverse and came from different art forms and cultures. Among these influences, ancient Egyptian art and Aztec and Mayan architecture of ancient Mexico art were best known and adopted by many Art Deco artists and designers. Because of the discovery of the Tutankhamun tomb in 1922, the Egyptian art was hot among the Art Deco designers, that the craze touched every aspect of design. Fashion accessories, furniture, products and interior designs at that time had combination of Egyptian-inspired geometrical shapes with the Art Decos own stylised and decorative patterns. Egyptian arts usage of colour and ornamentations were as well as adopted for architectural decorations. Examples of these can be seen in usage of bold flashes of gold colour on the black granite surface of Raymond Hoods American Radiator building, and Egyptian-inspired eagle-shaped gargoyle ornaments on the Art Decos iconic, the Chrysler Building.The ancient Mexican architecture excessively directly influenced Art Deco skyscrapers and interior designs. The geometric forms and patterns of rigid stonework Mexican art can be traced in many of 1920s and 1930s architecture and design. fit to Baddeley(2003), the block-like mass, ziggurat forms and patterns of Manhattans skyline evoked rather than replicated the militaristic decorations of Aztec temple design. Even the zoning law applied on the New Yorks skyscrapers was based on the Aztec architecture concepts. According to Duncan(1999), the zoning law is applied to the high buildings to suss out adequate lig ht and air for the citys working populace, hence architects developed a series of setbacks, or terraces, which stepped backwards and upwards like Ziggurats of the Aztec architecture. However, the decorations on the building and privileged of the building had influences from historical art styles of Japanese, Islamic, Celtic besides Egyptian and Mexican, and sometimes all the styles appear together to give the impression of an unspecified historicism.TRADITIONAL AND MODERNITY, thenar AND FUNCTIONArt Deco was purely decorative and was not the leading intellectuals of the period although it had approach to functionalism of modern designs. Since World War I and rapid industrialization, most modernist artists and designers were precipitous to produce mass-produced designs made in new, low-cost materials and rejected any decorative intentions. However, according to Robinson(1988) many of these designers soon realised that functionalism alone cannot fulfil the customers demands as certa in amount of fantasy, sumptuosity and embellishment were required in order to fulfil their aesthetic dreams. many a(prenominal) designers working in more mundane materials, for mass production and the popular market, came to see forms and motifs derived from fine art as capable of bringing aesthetic value to even modest domestic environments, as well as giving value to their own practice. (Benton, 2003, p105)Thus Art Deco is decorative even when it doesnt employ ornaments and surface decorations, to provide sense of emotional fulfilment and luxury to bold machine-made items. This concept of Art Deco was practiced in many areas of designs including industrial, interior and furniture designs as well as in architectural design. According to Duncan(1999), in traditional architecture, Modernist decoration was used as a transitional device to alert the eye to a change in the buildings contour. Vertical and flat decorations were used to emphasize a skyscrapers height and rhythm of the se tbacks, moreover colour was also applied along the setbacks on the building to provide definition to the passer-by far below. Duncan(1999) has found that Hildreth Meiere, American artist and architect said in July 1932 The Question of Decorative Architectural Forum thatDecoration is that which gives color or texture, collection plate or pattern or interest, which is used, whether functionally or not, because it gives pleasure or expression. An architect instinctively employs it because he is an artist who designs for aesthetic enjoyment as well as a builder who must build adequately for physical needs. (Duncan, 1999, p150)Thus Art Decos modernized traditional style or decorative modern style of decorations and ornamentations were applied on everyday household products, automobiles and buildings to give certain amount of interest and luxury, as a result Art Deco became widely comprehended by the high society and considered to be the functional form of elegant and luxurious modernis m.AVANT-GRADE INFLUENCESArt Deco designers and Avant-grade designers shared the same interest in applying decoration since the last mentioned themselves became to practice the decorative arts on their artworks. Benton(2003) believed that the association between avant-grade art and Art Deco was also encouraged by decorative artists ambitions. Likewise, Art Deco designers also adapted the avant-grade movements elements in many areas of its decorations. Many of Art Decos graphic posters and illustrations showed the influence of cubism and futurism by adding abstract, fragmented, overlapped geometrical shapes with crisp rigid lines to show the periods occupation with speed and power. The influence also can be seen in the areas of product design and furniture design, for instance Erik Magnussen used the abstracting and fragmentation techniques of Cubism on his coffee service called Cubic or The Lights and Shadows of Manhatten to produce interesting and eccentric look of an usual and fun ctional coffee set.NEW WORLD, MODERNIZATION AND MASS SOCIETYArt Deco style was influenced by past and present art movements and styles, but on the other hand, the influence came from not only creative environment but also the lifestyle and the ever changing society of the period between two world wars when the movement reigned supreme. The First World War gave a sense of break from the past and provided modernity to the whole new world which accompanied urbanization, standardization, and mass society. The new lifestyle of the modern world and the new images for the common men resulted in mass consumption and demanding society, hence mass production became vital in manufacturing and producing areas. Deco style graphic design and posters with the illustrations of expanding leisure activities such as dance halls, and entertaining sports such as tennis and golf, as well as the brochures for holidays and beaches became the popular media between the consumers and the manufacturers as a r esult of demanding entertainment and pleasure by the mass society of not only elites but also common people. Furthermore, developing science and technology which is a crucial element in the modern society also played an important role in creating modernity in the new world.Production and utilization of electric power, discoveries of new materials such as plastics, and the advancing techniques in creative area provided the whole new concepts to Art Deco designers and hence many artists and designers began to experiment with new design forms and materials to provide new satisfaction and fulfilment to the changing taste of the society. Robinson(1988) wrote that soon after the 1925 Exposition, superficial copies of Art Deco style products began to appear in large department stores that this took away the essential aesthetic understanding and quality of craftsmanship that had elevated the pilot Art Deco designs to a truly modern art form. Hence the rapid expansion of mass society and th e advanced technology had soon produced a new style of Art Deco called streamlining which would replace the traditional techniques and style of Art Deco.SPEED, STYLE AND STREAMLININGThe mass production of transportation methods, which is the result of the rapid expansion of mass travel, was the vital reason that the Art Deco designers turn to a new style of design and streamlining technique. According to Atterbury(2003), streamlining reflected contemporary enthusiasms for science, technology, engineering and, above all, travel and transportation. Streamlining was applied to a new generation of automobiles, aircrafts and trains, to express speed and mechanical efficiency, as well as to domestic and commercial objects where speed and efficiency were irrelevant. Atterbury(2003) also mentioned that streamlining and speed became synonymous in the public mind, and so streamlined forms were widely applied to domestic motor vehicles despite having little or no impact on their actual perform ance. patronage the science and rationality, the image of speed was more important and streamlining was used as decorations to appeal the surface look and seduce potential customers as the sleek contoured level lines and smooth surfaces not only provide modernity, but also suggest luxury, comfort and restfulness. Works of industrial designer Raymond Loewy strongly reflected the streamlining style of Art Deco since he was one of the logical leaders who emphasized on styling this to promote mass consumption and mass production among the commercial competition during the Great Depression in America.The industrial designers attempt to modernize consumer goods as a means of boosting sales led him(Raymond Loewy) in the 1930s to the pursuit of a new style, one which evolved from the foregoing fashionable Art Deco style of the 1920s and could be applied to industrial products. (Duncan, 1999, p 270)Hence new principles and application of streamlining became a fashion statement and was appl ied on almost every item from book covers and pencil sharpeners to the buildings decoration and the automobiles and trains. Examples of streamlining on buildings, which is known as streamline modern architecture, include the Coca-Cola Bottling Company plant, the calcium Petroleum Service Station and many roadside diners in Los Angeles, as well as the buildings and pavilions of the 1939 New York Worlds Fair which is known for acting as an expiration of the Art Deco style.Like traditional stylised Art Nouveau was replaced by the mass-produced streamlined modern Art Deco after the World War I, so was Art Deco by total machine aesthetic Modernism when the Second World War definitely killed off the flame of Art Deco and the style lost its glamour after the New York Worlds Fair in 1939. Even though streamlining was popular after the 1925 Art Deco Exposition in the design of buildings and transportation, the original Art Decos decorative motifs had become out of date and took over by the pure functionalism of Post-modernist designers.Though some notable expressions of decorative exuberance inspired by Art Deco practices survived, the styles characteristic decorative repertoire and cheerfully commercial traits were widely abandoned in favour of design languages redolent of the larger social good. (Benton, 2003, p429)INFLUENCES OF ART DECOHowever, Art Deco recover with the growing interest in advertising, graphic design, fashion design and glamour and individualism in the 1950s and 1960s. The major exhibitions on the subject and publications books on Art Deco fashion and fashion illustration had encouraged the revival of Art Deco. This new interest influenced many younger artists and designers such as The Memphis Group of the 1980s. According to Benton(2003), Art Deco also encouraged Post-modern architects and designers to employ a richer iconography to be playful and to take risks with materials, colours, surfaces, shapes and visual references. Although Art Deco sty le had left many good influential examples of designs for the incoming generations, there were some disadvantages in those influences it had handed down to later design movements especially popular, transient, expendable, low cost, mass produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous and big business art movement in the 1950s which was known as Pop art. Late Art Decos mass consumption and mass production concepts of design were the certain part of the origins of mass media, and the illusion of popular artificial fulfilment of the modern art culture. Like mass produced cheap Art Deco products fulfilled the desires of the mass society after the First World War, according to Belting(2003) today visual advertising blinds the consumers eye to the thing itself and hides the illusion, its true nature behind the effects and lies of advertisements. Hence Art Decos both exemplifying influence and conceptual influence has reappeared in nowadays graphic and advertising designs.Besides, Art D eco architecture and interior design also regained its popularity nowadays and the style was adapted in many of the recent architecture and replicated for the interior designs of contemporary buildings. The Parkview Square in the downtown area of Singapore, for instance is proof that the Art Deco influence is quieten surviving in some parts of the world today. The building design is classic Art Deco style and inspired by the Chanin Building as well as the lobby of the building is filled with Art Deco style hand crafted details and decorations. Similarly, the Williams Tower which is also known as the Transco Tower in Houston, Texas is also a fine example of Art Deco inspired skyscraper with rigid lines, angles and setbacks of the 1920s Art Deco architectural characteristics. What is more, the rotating beacon at the top which lights up at shadow put emphasis on the influence of the glamorous and luxurious night light of the pure Art Deco style. In addition, there are a few commercia l and residential buildings surviving in Houston which are designed in postmodern interpretations of Art Deco streamline moderne style. Indeed, Art Deco may not be as popular as it was in its period of 1920s and 1930s,its intellectually and visually fascinating design concepts are still influencing the contemporary world and many design aspects of everyday life.CONCLUSIONTo conclude, Art Deco was a style as well as a total result of styles, a wonderful mixture of traditional and contemporary designs, with diverse cultures and technologies. It not only took inspirations from past and its predecessors, but also was influenced by the changing lifestyle and modernity of the period. Even though the time and the age between two wars was unrest and unstable, Art Deco had lived long for three decades and flourished successfully until the spirit died down entirely in 1939 at The New York Worlds Fair. Many iconic and notable examples survived until these days and the styles elements and chara cteristics are being adapted or replicated in contemporary designs by today designers. The styles concepts of uniting mass production and the artist, function and decorations, commercial profits and emotional fulfilments, had passed essential examples and lessons in the history of art and design to younger generations and new birth of modern designs. Art Deco was decorative employ fine craftsmanship in traditional style, yet it was modern and advanced in technologies and creations. Art Deco had gained its satisfying popularity during its high time, and in fact the style is still being enjoyed by todays society. What is more, the fact that it is still influencing many designers these days is undeniable.

The economic problems faced by Hindustan Unilever Limited

The economic problems faced by Hindustan Unilever LimitedThe problems that Hindustan Unilever Limited currently facing is increasing arousal costs and routines costs due to rise in lancinating strong costs, increasing imitative and spurious products, and lopsided controversy from other FMCG players. in that respect is slowdown in the global economy and the problem that started in the financial sector extended rapidly to other sectors affecting non only the US but the global economy. Most of Indias domestic sectors are also affected including countrys exports performance and FMCG sectors.There is an unprecedented volatility in raw materials terms contributed more often than not by increasing crude oil expenses. Unprecedented volatility in raw materials scathe associated with uncertainties in the commodities movement needs a desperate on the alert management in the FMCG companies. Although some companies managed to do well categories like detergents met decreasing sales.Hin dustan Unilever Limited has a large brand portfolio consisting number of brands. It pass on be problematical to manage such extended brand portfolio by any company but it is the nature of FMCG fabrication and company. The current global scenario with swinging raw material prices and intense competition faced by the company needs a shareful management.Major issues or problemsThe problem that the company is facing for long duration is the increasing imitative products. The popularity of the HULs brand and the reach it possess drives the local manufactures to imitate the products leading some to produce even the fake products. The fake products are seen highly in rural markets. This greatly affects the brand equity of the HUL.The company is facing increasing input costs due to sum up in price of the raw materials. There is a potential impact on the company due to rising inflation, freight costs and raw materials.Hindustan Unilever Limited is facing tough competition than years be fore from ITC, Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Nestle and Godrej. ITC is competing toughly with HUL through and through various brands that are market leaders. The competition is further increase by several new entrants. This intensified competition already witnessed by HULs losing market share in certain segments and also increase in operation costs.STRATEGY FORMULATIONStrategic alternativesThe strategic alternatives for HUL to address the issues of increasing input costs and operations costs due to rise in raw material costs, increasing imitative and spurious products, and stiff competition from other FMCG players are,leverage and Proliferation of brand portfolioCompetitive pricingCost efficient initiativesLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolioHUL has gained reputation of meeting customer needs through various products in different segments. HUL has strong submit chain and distribution network meeting customer needs. This gives competitive advantage for HUL over its c ompetitors. The proliferation of brand portfolio get out protect customers especially in rural markets from purchasing spurious products. HULs product of different brand in selfsame(prenominal) category exit back the receipts generating brand from imitative products.Competitive pricingHindustan Unilever Limited facing stiff competition from organized as well as unorganized players in the industry. This is an industry where buyers pass numerous choice of brand to shift one brand to another brand if not affordable. Rising inflation in the country makes the companies to increase the price of their product. Competitive pricing will get the local manufactures and organized players on their feet.Cost efficient initiativesIncrease in the raw material price and uncertainties in the commodity movement rises the operation costs of the company. The company is in desperate need to do some initiatives like cutting down the publicizing cost and also to cut down the cost in its operation rat her than worrying about the increase in raw material price. option EvaluationLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolioLeveraging and proliferation of brand portfolio by introducing new brands will facilitate the company to compete with the spurious products and competitors brands by providing the customers a course of brand in the same category. This will prevent the customers from shifting to imitative products and competitor brands thereby retaining the customers. Hindustan Unilever Limited has a competitive advantage of robust supply chain and distribution network. This will help the new brand in reaching the customers effectively. The disadvantage is that the company will have various brands in the same category which may make difficult to manage them.Competitive pricingThis strategy of competitive or decreasing the price of companys product will not to efficient. The company is dealing with increase in input and operation costs. Reducing the price of the products will dec rease the profit margin. Moreover it will start the price war in the industry which is not good for the company as well as to the industry. Most of the HULs market leader brands are being well-nigh chased by its competitors with only slight difference in the market share and lot of local products. Also, in many categories in oral, skin care segments the competitors are having market leader brands with strong foothold. Initiating the price war will have a drastic impact on all the segments also will not increase the profit margin.Cost efficient initiativesThe cost efficient initiative like reducing cost over advertisement and reducing the operation cost will help the company to gain competitive advantage in its operations. However FMCG industry requests consistent advertisements and promotional effects to stay in the minds of customers. Cutting down the expense on advertisement will let the competitor to gain advantage over HUL in reaching the customers mind. Also the governing ca nnot do much about the increasing raw material cost where they have a choice of only optimizing the procurement procedures.Alternative choiceLeverage and proliferation of brand portfolio is the optimal choice to address the problems that the company is facing. HUL has a competitive advantage of possessing many strong brands with robust supply chain and distribution network. They have a strong resource that they can allocate to proliferate the brand that can cover different market segments at different price points. This will prevent the price wars as it will give consumers a wide choice of brands that can cover different market segments at different price points and simultaneously retain the customers from shifting to competitors brands. This will give wide choice to customers and back the revenue generating brands from its competitors. This is an industry which is difficult to retain the customers. So it is risky to go head on head with the competitors with revenue generating brand s. Proliferation of brand will increase the volume growth and profit margin.STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATIONHUL will not require any culture or structural changes in the organization to implement the strategy. The organization with its robust supply chain and distribution network will help the brand to reach the customers like other brands.Immediate action planThe company has to first differentiate the strong performing and revenue generating brands from the non-performing brands. It is important to picture brand relevance and assessing the key competitors in the category.Short term action planThe company has to decide the segments in which they have proliferate the brand portfolio. A research has to be conducted to analyze the performance of existing brand and that of the competitors brand.Long term action planAfter determining the category they need a well designed performing monitoring system to analyze the performance of brands before and after the introduction of new brand.

The Immigration of Jewish people in USSR Essay -- Politics, Mikhail G

ITRODUCTIONThe Immigration of Jewish people in USSR under Mikhail Gorbachev administration is generally considered as a response to huge demand of Jews who desperately wanted to leave Soviet Union, and a state policy towards ethnic minority issues. Historically speaking, anti Semitism was rooted for centuries in Russia. Jews had been prosecuting since Czarist Russia, and most recently the prosecution reached peak under Stalin administration. People would think that it was the long existing hostile atmosphere towards Jewish people that primarily led their migration out of USSR. Yet it is a to a greater extent complicated picture.When Gorbachev came to power as the secretary of general of the Party in 1985, Soviet immigration policy was, to significant extent, adjusted based on Soviet bleak economic conditions and diplomatic relationships with United States and Israel. The revolution was not merely a compromise under the pressure of Western powers but also an attempt to reverse econom ic deterioration such as high unemployment. In the thesis, I shall discuss the outstanding reasons that behind immigration policy transition under Gorbachev administration as well as the consequences and implications.PART I the ReasonsThe immigration transition made by Gorbachev administration could be divided into two periods. The first period is from 1985 to 1986, when Gorbachev initiated radical reform known as perestroika, which literally means reconstruction. The stagnating Soviet economy and chilling relationship with the US led him to adopt the concept of glasnost and New Thinking, which can be translated as a series of promotions of nudeness and liberty in public affairs and flexibility in foreign policies. The decree of Council of Ministers... ...s to migrate to Israel, since costs of accommodation in Israel was much lower than that in America.Despite all that negative consequences, Soviet Jews still brought bright outlook worldwide. From economic perspective, Soviet Jews migrated from Soviet Union where workers were low productive to countries where worker were more productive. Thus, Jewish migration increased production efficiency and living standards on the global scale, as well as individual level of their own. One example would be Jewish immigrants in Israel and United States, where their contributions to economic and social developments exceeded negative impacts like ethnic conflicts and welfare pressure. More importantly, on humanity base, the transition enabled Jews to pursue prosperity and liberty, as well as to fulfill their desires in culture, religion, and politics in the new promising lands.

Free Capital Punishment Essay - Criminals Need the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Essays - Criminals Need the Death Penalty         Is the death penalty just? Politicians, lobbyists, philosophers, andexperts from every(prenominal) walks of life continuously debate this controversial subject.Has any one of these individuals listened to the rest of us?  The answer in manycases is no.         The United States is a nation of embodied officials, who representthe people, their wishes, beliefs and ideals.  That means, through elections, wedecide what policies atomic number 18 to be enacted.  In the case of capital punishment,various polls report that seventy percent of Americans are in favor of the deathsentence.  That is a clear majority.  So c wholeed experts are free to petitiongrievances and speak freely according to our constitution.  But the fact of the function is seven out of ten Americans have evaluated the dilemma of capitalpunishment according to their own values and beliefs.  Their conclusion wasfavorable to the death penalty.  At this unification of time, the question of itbeing just was answered by the majority - and the majority rules.         Many experts who speak against the death penalty cite it as barbaric.The definition of murder, according to Webster, is the iniquitous killing of ahuman being with malice aforethought.  Therefore an uneducated person wouldclassify murder as equally barbaric. The mitigating factor of the death penaltyis, or should be, an already established punishment for this crime.  The killerwillingly committed the heinous act of taking a life, knowing they would besubject to this penalty.  Therefore, he decided to gamble on not being caught,or thought that he was above the law.  In either case he willingly waive hislife with the taking of another.  The killer may not agree with Lex Taliones,but the consequence of his action were obvious.   &n bsp     While critics argue that an innocent person may be put to death, mostagree this may unfortunately happen.  However, we must protect the people ofthis country from killers, and unfortunately, short of calling in the army, wehave tried all other options.  Capital statutes usually allow the trial court toimpose death only after a postconviction hearing, during which circumstances ofthe crime are reviewed.  If the exasperating factors prevail, the case isautomatically reviewed by an appellate court.  The accused may also appeal thedecision or request a stay of execution as he sees fit.  Although the risk of anaccidental death is there, the legal proceedings are in place to prevent anunwarranted death.         An argument put forth by many is that the economics involved withcapital punishment is irrelevant.